Table 1.
Growth Factor | Sources | Target Cells | Clinical Use |
---|---|---|---|
PDGF | Platelets, macrophages, endothelial cells | Neutrophils, macrophages, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts | PDGF-BB is FDA approved for treatment of diabetic ulcers |
FGF-1 | Macrophages, endothelial cells | Endothelial cells, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, keratinocytes | In clinical trials for spinal cord injuries, burns25,182 |
FGF-2 | Fibroblasts, endothelial cells, inflammatory cells | Endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes | In clinical trials for chronic wounds4 |
FGF-7 | Fibroblasts | Endothelial cells, keratinocytes | FDA approved for treatment of oral mucositis14; in clinical trials for treatment of venous ulcers26 |
VEGF-A | Fibroblasts, keratinocytes, smooth muscle cells, macrophages, platelets | Endothelial cells, keratinocytes | In clinical trials for limb ischemia, coronary ischemia183,184 |
EGF | Platelets, macrophages, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells (HB-EGF), keratinocytes | Keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells | Early clinical trials, not approved53 |
TGF-β1-β3 | Platelets, macrophages, fibroblasts, keratinocytes | Monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, keratinocytes, fibroblasts | TGF-β3 is in clinical trials for pressure ulcers185; avotermin (rh-TGF-β3) is in trials for treatment of excessive scarring186 |
Abbreviations: EGF, epidermal growth factor; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; HB, heparin-binding; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; rh, recombinant human; TGF, transforming growth factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.