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. 2012 Aug 6;109(34):13692–13697. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1203495109

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Fig. 2. — The evolutionary trajectories of gamete size. Note that if the number of cell divisions during gametogenesis increases, the size of gametes formed is decreased, and vice versa. The zygote survival probability function is Eq. S16, in which the individual zygote mortality rate depends directly on provisioning of resources from its constituent gametes. The contribution of gametic resources per unit volume to the zygote survival is equal between the sexes. Provisioning of resources of a zygote from its constituent gametes is just proportional to the sum of the male and female gamete volumes () (Fig. 3B defines ). and (A) , (B) , . , the slope of the zygote survival probability function (Eq. S16) at the 50% point, where the volume of zygote ; , the proportion of invaders; , the number of gametes that are produced by an individual gametophyte and that have one-half of the volume of . A is under a better environmental condition than B. Depending on the direction of gamete size mutation, the evolutionary trajectories are allowed to move one grid either horizontally or vertically. Each pair between b and c types is the WT population. A mutant one point away can arise. If an invasion of such a mutant is successful (i.e., invadable), it is indicated by an arrow. The dotted arrows indicate an evolutionary trajectory with the additional evolution of pheromonal attraction systems. Under the line of number of b divisions is the number of c divisions. Above this line, each arrow that is symmetrically located centering the line has the same color. Stable strategies are indicated using squares. Green square, larger isogamy; brown square, extremely small isogamy; orange square, marked anisogamy; yellow square, slight anisogamy; blue circle, possible starting point (origin). Note that (i) in an area surrounded by a thin dotted line, strategies converge at a yellow square, (ii) in an area surrounded by a thick dotted line, they converge at a brown square, and (iii) in an area surrounded by a thick solid line, they converge at an orange square. An area that cannot be reached from the origins (blue circles) is shaded. For the conditional convergently stable strategy, the maximum number of sexual cell divisions to retain the phototactic device is assumed to be six (throughout the study).

Inline graphic — The evolutionary trajectories of gamete size. Note that if the number of cell divisions during gametogenesis increases, the size of gametes formed is decreased, and vice versa. The zygote survival probability function is Eq. S16, in which the individual zygote mortality rate depends directly on provisioning of resources from its constituent gametes. The contribution of gametic resources per unit volume to the zygote survival is equal between the sexes. Provisioning of resources of a zygote from its constituent gametes is just proportional to the sum of the male and female gamete volumes () (Fig. 3B defines ). and (A) , (B) , . , the slope of the zygote survival probability function (Eq. S16) at the 50% point, where the volume of zygote ; , the proportion of invaders; , the number of gametes that are produced by an individual gametophyte and that have one-half of the volume of . A is under a better environmental condition than B. Depending on the direction of gamete size mutation, the evolutionary trajectories are allowed to move one grid either horizontally or vertically. Each pair between b and c types is the WT population. A mutant one point away can arise. If an invasion of such a mutant is successful (i.e., invadable), it is indicated by an arrow. The dotted arrows indicate an evolutionary trajectory with the additional evolution of pheromonal attraction systems. Under the line of number of b divisions is the number of c divisions. Above this line, each arrow that is symmetrically located centering the line has the same color. Stable strategies are indicated using squares. Green square, larger isogamy; brown square, extremely small isogamy; orange square, marked anisogamy; yellow square, slight anisogamy; blue circle, possible starting point (origin). Note that (i) in an area surrounded by a thin dotted line, strategies converge at a yellow square, (ii) in an area surrounded by a thick dotted line, they converge at a brown square, and (iii) in an area surrounded by a thick solid line, they converge at an orange square. An area that cannot be reached from the origins (blue circles) is shaded. For the conditional convergently stable strategy, the maximum number of sexual cell divisions to retain the phototactic device is assumed to be six (throughout the study).