. 2012 Apr 1;4(2):137–145. doi: 10.4161/derm.20434

Table 1. Studies of vitamin D exposure in early life and respiratory outcomes.

Author	Year	Country	Study Design	Sample Size	Age of children at assessment	Determination of Vitamin D status	Association between vitamin D and respiratory outcomes
Belderbos⁵⁷	2011	Netherlands	Prospective cohort	156 neonates	Birth to 1 y	Maternal food-frequency questionnaire and cord blood 25(OH)D	Lower 25(OH)D concentrations associated with an increased risk of respiratory syncytial virus infection
Camargo⁵⁸	2007	United States	Prospective cohort	1194 mother-child dyads	3 y	Maternal food-frequency questionnaire	Highest quartile of vitamin D intake during pregnancy associated with a lower risk of recurrent wheezing
Camargo⁵⁹	2011	New Zealand	Prospective cohort	922 newborns	Birth to 5 y	Cord blood 25(OH)D	Higher 25(OH)D associated with a decreased risk of respiratory infection and wheezing but no associations with childhood asthma noted
Carroll⁶⁰	2011	Canada	Cross-sectional	340 mother-infant dyads	5–29 weeks	Maternal whole blood 25(OH)D	Increasing maternal 25(OH)D associated with decreased odds of asthma in mothers but no associations with infantile wheezing noted
Devereux⁶¹	2007	Scotland	Prospective cohort	2000 pregnant women, 1212 children	5 y	Maternal food-frequency questionnaire	Highest and lowest maternal vitamin D intakes associated with lower risk of wheezing
Erkkola⁶²	2009	Finland	Prospective cohort	1669 mother-child dyads	5 y	Maternal food-frequency questionnaire	Higher maternal vitamin D intake associated with lower risk of asthma and allergic rhinitis
Gale⁶³	2008	UK	Prospective cohort	466 mothers and 178 children	9 mo and 9 y	Maternal serum 25(OH)D	Maternal vitamin D levels > 75 nmol/L associated with increased risk of atopic dermatitis and asthma
Miyake⁶⁴	2010	Japan	Prospective cohort	763 mother-child dyads	16–24 mo	Maternal food-frequency questionnaire	Higher maternal vitamin D intake associated with a decreased risk of wheeze and atopic dermatitis
Morales⁶⁵	2012	Spain	Prospective cohort	1724 children	12 mo, 4–6 y	Maternal plasma 25(OH)D	Increased maternal 25(OH)D associated with a decreased risk of lower respiratory infections but not wheezing or asthma
Rothers⁶⁶	2011	United States	Prospective cohort	219 children	Birth to 5 y	Cord blood 25(OH)D	Both low and high cord blood 25(OH)D associated with increased aeroallergen sensitization but not with allergic rhinitis or asthma