Table 1. Likelihood of nepotism for discipline in Italy.

Disciplines in Italy	People	Last names	Expected	p-value	Given names	Expected	p-value
Medical Sciences	10946	7547	7874.4	<.001	2030	2059.1	0.173
Law	5124	4013	4192.7	<.001	1208	1229.6	0.186
Industrial Engineering	3172	2688	2752.7	<.001	760	895.5	<.001
Geography	383	365	374.0	0.006	221	220.0	0.573
Agriculture	2360	2070	2107.8	0.008	723	738.0	0.208
Education	676	636	649.7	0.008	348	324.8	0.985
Chemistry	3180	2717	2758.9	0.015	866	897.0	0.063
Mathematics	2551	2227	2262.4	0.016	752	776.4	0.095
Civil Engineering	3831	3209	3254.6	0.019	972	1013.9	0.025
Statistics	1215	1123	1137.5	0.058	466	478.7	0.187
History	1477	1350	1366.7	0.060	559	543.8	0.853
Earth Sciences	1202	1112	1126.0	0.062	441	475.3	0.006
Philology	1809	1636	1650.8	0.122	654	620.6	0.982
Political Sciences	1794	1625	1638.0	0.152	646	617.2	0.966
Veterinary	862	814	820.7	0.170	378	381.9	0.389
Informatics	837	792	797.9	0.193	356	374.5	0.063
Life Sciences	5212	4233	4254.5	0.216	1253	1244.0	0.657
Physics	2499	2209	2220.4	0.243	698	766.2	<.001
Economics	3764	3193	3204.4	0.303	946	1002.2	0.004
Electronic Engineering	2068	1862	1867.7	0.348	513	677.1	<.001
Art History	827	787	788.7	0.413	382	371.5	0.823
Archaeology	714	685	684.9	0.535	357	336.9	0.968
Sports-Related Studies	134	133	132.8	0.680	96	100.7	0.185
Near Eastern Studies	315	310	308.9	0.729	205	191.6	0.967
Psychology	1246	1171	1164.9	0.768	537	486.7	>.999
Anthropology	200	199	197.4	0.918	151	137.2	0.991
Linguistics	2194	2017	1971.8	0.999	952	703.7	>.999
Philosophy	1138	1119	1069.2	>.999	450	458.6	0.276

Results of the Monte Carlo simulation for each discipline (sector) from the Italian dataset of academics. The number of academics in the discipline (People), the number of distinct last and given names (Last names, Given names), the expected number of last and given names (Expected), and the associated p-value, measuring how probable it is to find an equal or lower number of names by chance, are reported. Significant p-values are in bold.