Table 3. Adjusted relative risk ratios of each adverse pregnancy outcome relative to live birth in each antenatal diagnostic and drug exposure category compared with no current/past depression or anxiety (512,574 pregnancies in 331,414 women).

	Perinatal death		Miscarriage		Termination
Mental illness/drug exposuresa	n = 2,096		n = 64,510		n = 75,524
	RRRc (99% CI)	p	RRRc (99% CI)	p	RRRc (99% CI)	p
Referent categoryb	1.0		1.0		1.0
History of mental illness only	1.3 (1.1–1.5)	<0.001	1.2 (1.2–1.2)	<0.001	1.3 (1.3–1.4)	<0.001
Un-medicated mental illness	1.4 (0.8–2.5)	0.147	1.0 (0.9–1.2)	0.837	1.0 (0.9–1.2)	0.457
TCAs	1.6 (0.9–2.9)	0.056	1.3 (1.1–1.5)	<0.001	1.7 (1.5–1.9)	<0.001
SSRIs	1.6 (1.1–2.4)	0.001	1.5 (1.3–1.6)	<0.001	2.2 (2.1–2.4)	<0.001
Benzodiazepines	2.0 (1.0–3.8)	0.007	1.6 (1.4–1.9)	<0.001	2.2 (1.9–2.6)	<0.001
Any other single class	3.7 (1.9–7.5)	<0.001	2.0 (1.7–2.5)	<0.001	2.6 (2.1–3.1)	<0.001
Multiple classes	2.0 (1.0–3.7)	0.006	1.6 (1.4–1.9)	<0.001	2.2 (1.9–2.6)	<0.001

^aExposures were depression or anxiety with or without exposures to different classes of antidepressants or anti-anxiety drugs. All categories were mutually exclusive.

^bReference was no history of or current depression or anxiety.

^cRelative risk ratio after adjusted for maternal age at the end of pregnancy, household socioeconomic status, maternal smoking status before delivery and body mass index before pregnancy.

TCAs = tricyclic antidepressants; SSRIs = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; CI = confidence interval.