Table 4.
Sleep Symptoms | Sleep Burden | Risk of OSA* | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 |
Age per 5 years | 0.98 (0.94, 1.00) | 0.82 (0.87, 0.98) | 0.89 (0.87, 0.92) | 0.94 (0.90, 0.98) | ---------- | ---------- |
Education | ||||||
<High School | 1.66 (1.26, 2.17) | ---------- | 1.20 (0.93, 1.56) | ---------- | 1.06 (0.82, 1.38) | 0.70 (0.46, 1.06) |
High School | 1.75 (1.36, 2.24) | ---------- | 1.24 (0.99, 1.56) | ---------- | 1.25 (0.98, 1.59) | 0.95 (0.67, 1.34) |
Some College | 1.41 (1.14, 1.76) | ---------- | 1.33 (1.09, 1.63) | ---------- | 1.23 (0.97, 1.54) | 0.69 (0.50, 0.96) |
≥College Graduate | 1.0 | ---------- | 1.0 | ---------- | 1.0 | ---------- |
Annual household income | ||||||
<$25,000 | 1.37 (1.00, 1.86) | ---------- | 1.15 (0.86, 1.53) | ---------- | 1.15 (0.83, 1.59) | ---------- |
$25,000-$49,999 | 1.09 (0.79, 1.49) | ---------- | 1.17 (0.86, 1.58) | ---------- | 1.05 (0.75, 1.47) | ---------- |
$50,000-$74,999 | 1.00 (0.79, 1.42) | ---------- | 1.04 (0.74, 1.46) | ---------- | 1.05 (0.72, 1.53) | ---------- |
≥$75,000 | 1.0 | ---------- | 1.0 | ---------- | 1.0 | ---------- |
Unknown | 1.11 (0.79, 1.55) | ---------- | 1.03 (0.74, 1.43) | ---------- | 0.93 (0.64, 1.34) | ---------- |
Marital Status | ||||||
Married | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ---------- | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Divorced/Widowed/Separated | 0.94 (0.78, 1.14) | 0.87 (0.68, 1.12) | 0.85 (0.71, 1.02) | ---------- | 0.87 (0.72, 1.05) | 0.95 (0.72, 1.25) |
Single/Unmarried | 0.75 (0.57, 0.98) | 0.65 (0.46, 0.92) | 0.81 (0.63, 1.04) | ---------- | 0.69 (0.50, 0.94) | 0.42 (0.27, 0.65) |
Cigarette Use | ||||||
Never | 1.0 | ---------- | 1.0 | ---------- | 1.0 | ---------- |
Former | 1.31 (1.01, 1.69) | ---------- | 1.17 (0.93, 1.47) | ---------- | 1.25 (0.99, 1.57) | ---------- |
Current | 1.08 (0.81, 1.45) | ---------- | 1.22 (0.94, 1.58) | ---------- | 1.17 (0.87, 1.57) | ---------- |
Physical activity score | 0.94 (0.90, 0.97) | ---------- | 0.99 (0.95, 1.02) | ---------- | 0.93 (0.90, 0.97) | 0.92 (0.87, 0.97) |
Body mass index per 5 kg/m2 | 1.38 (1.29, 1.48) | ---------- | 1.29 (1.22, 1.36) | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
Waist circumference per 5 cm | 1.15 (1.12, 1.19) | 1.10 (1.05, 1.16) | 1.14 (1.11, 1.17) | 1.09 (1.05, 1.13) | 1.44 (1.39, 1.49) | 1.30 (1.23, 1.36) |
Neck circumference per 3 cm | 1.55 (1.42, 1.71) | 1.17 (1.01, 1.37) | 1.44 (1.33, 1.56) | 1.16 (1.01, 1.33) | 2.70 (2.43, 2.99) | 1.43 (1.23, 1.67) |
General health | ||||||
Excellent/Good | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ---------- | 1.0 | ---------- |
Fair/Poor | 2.49 (2.02, 3.07) | 1.57 (1.17, 2.10) | 1.94 (1.64, 2.30) | ---------- | 2.09 (1.75, 2.50) | ---------- |
Global Perceived Stress | 1.10 (1.07, 1.12) | 1.05 (1.02, 1.09) | 1.10 (1.08, 1.12) | 1.09 (1.06, 1.12) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) | ---------- |
Depressive symptoms | 2.52 (1.94, 3.28) | 1.49 (1.11, 2.00) | 2.32 (1.88, 2.86) | ---------- | 1.51 (1.20, 1.90) | ---------- |
Hypertension Yes versus No | 1.95 (1.60, 2.38) | 1.46 (1.13, 1.90) | 1.58 (1.30, 1.90) | ---------- | 2.78 (2.21, 3.50) | 2.59 (1.90, 3.52) |
Diabetes Yes versus No | 1.43 (1.13, 1.81) | 0.71 (0.52, 0.98) | 1.35 (1.10, 1.66) | ---------- | 1.96 (1.61, 2.40) | ---------- |
Cardiovascular disease Yes versus No | 1.70 (1.20, 2.41) | ---------- | 1.26 (0.94, 1.69) | ---------- | 1.14 (0.86, 1.51) | ---------- |
Duration of sleep | ||||||
<7 hours | 1.69 (1.42, 2.02) | ---------- | 1.69 (1.43, 2.01) | 1.40 (1.10, 1.79) | 1.23 (1.03, 1.48) | ---------- |
7–8 Hours | 1.0 | ---------- | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ---------- |
>8 Hours | 1.35 (0.93, 1.98) | ---------- | 1.13 (0.77, 1.66) | 1.30 (0.79, 2.16) | 0.89 (0.60, 1.30) | ---------- |
Perceived sleep quality | ||||||
Excellent/Very Good/Good | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ---------- |
Fair/Poor | 2.22 (1.82, 2.71) | 1.49 (1.12, 1.98) | 2.19 (1.86, 2.58) | 1.40 (1.09, 1.80) | 1.30 (1.09, 1.56) | ---------- |
Restless sleep | ||||||
None/Mild | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Moderate/Severe | 2.55 (1.91, 3.41) | 1.47 (1.04, 2.06) | 2.17 (1.74, 2.69) | 1.37 (1.05, 1.79) | 1.65 (1.30, 2.10) | 1.41 (1.06, 1.88) |
Abbreviations: OSA = Obstructive sleep apnea.
Model 1 is an age-adjusted logistic regression model for bivariate associations. Model 2 is the most parsimonious multivariable model obtained using a backward elimination technique (significance level of 0.05 for variable removal).
Age and body mass index were not considered as potential risk factors because these two variables are components of the Risk of OSA score.
Model I: age-adjusted for each variable; Model II: adjusted for age and all other variables. Age and BMI are component of OSA Risk and not adjusted for OSA Risk. Significant associations are highlighted in bold.