Table 5.
Age-adjusted and multivariable odds of greater sleep symptoms and sleep burden and high risk of OSA among men participants in the Jackson Heart Study, 2000–2004
| Sleep Symptoms | Sleep Burden | Risk of OSA* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 |
| Age per 3 years | 1.04 (0.99, 1.09) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) | 0.91 (0.88, 0.95) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) | ---------- | ---------- |
| Education | ||||||
| <High School | 1.52 (1.04, 2.24) | ---------- | 0.90 (0.65, 1.23) | 0.61 (0.37, 1.02) | 0.57 (0.41, 0.79) | 0.73 (0.42, 1.24) |
| High School | 1.13 (0.80, 1.58) | ---------- | 0.92 (0.69, 1.23) | 0.69 (0.45, 1.08) | 0.74 (0.55, 0.99) | 0.67 (0.41, 1.08) |
| Some College | 1.17 (0.87, 1.58) | ---------- | 1.09 (0.85, 1.41) | 1.15 (0.82, 1.62) | 0.89 (0.69, 1.16) | 0.91 (0.61, 1.34) |
| ≥College Graduate | 1.0 | ---------- | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Annual household income | ||||||
| <$25,000 | 1.62 (1.13, 2.32) | ---------- | 1.19 (0.88, 1.62) | ---------- | 0.50 (0.37, 0.69) | ---------- |
| $25,000-$49,999 | 1.19 (0.84, 1.68) | ---------- | 0.95 (0.70, 1.30) | ---------- | 0.71 (0.51, 0.97) | ---------- |
| $50,000-$74,999 | 1.79 (1.22, 2.62) | ---------- | 1.17 (0.86, 1.61) | ---------- | 0.94 (0.67, 1.31) | ---------- |
| ≥$75,000 | 1.0 | ---------- | 1.0 | ---------- | 1.0 | ---------- |
| Unknown | 1.42 (0.96, 2.09) | ---------- | 1.00 (0.71, 1.40) | ---------- | 0.85 (0.60, 1.20) | ---------- |
| Marital Status | ||||||
| Married | 1.0 | ---------- | 1.0 | ---------- | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Divorced/Widowed/Separated | 0.75 (0.56, 1.01) | ---------- | 0.96 (0.74, 1.25) | ---------- | 0.52 (0.40, 0.67) | 0.48 (0.32, 0.73) |
| Single/Unmarried | 1.02 (0.67, 1.56) | 0.81 (0.34, 1.93) | 0.75 (0.52, 1.07) | ---------- | 0.47 (0.33, 0.67) | 0.20 (0.11, 0.35) |
| Cigarette Use | ||||||
| Never | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ---------- | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Former | 1.47 (1.08, 2.00) | 1.57 (1.04, 2.38) | 1.29 (1.00, 1.66) | ---------- | 1.09 (0.83, 1.42) | 1.56 (1.05, 2.33) |
| Current | 1.46 (1.04, 2.05) | 1.48 (0.91, 2.41) | 1.16 (0.88, 1.52) | ---------- | 0.51 (0.39, 0.67) | 0.87 (0.54, 1.39) |
| Physical activity score | 0.93 (0.89, 0.98) | 0.93 (0.87, 0.99) | 0.96 (0.92, 1.00) | ---------- | 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) | 0.91 (0.85, 0.98) |
| Body mass index per 5 kg/m2 | 1.32 (1.18, 1.47) | ---------- | 1.33 (1.23, 1.45) | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
| Waist circumference per 5 cm | 1.11 (1.06, 1.16) | ---------- | 1.13 (1.09, 1.17) | 1.12 (1.07, 1.18) | 1.75 (1.64, 1.86) | 1.47 (1.32, 1.63) |
| Neck circumference per 3 cm | 1.42 (1.26, 1.59) | 1.30 (1.11, 1.52) | 1.39 (1.27, 1.54) | 3.87 (3.32, 4.51) | 1.69 (1.33, 2.15) | |
| General health | ||||||
| Excellent/Good | 1.0 | ---------- | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ---------- |
| Fair/Poor | 2.05 (1.50, 2.81) | ---------- | 1.89 (1.51, 2.37) | 1.78 (1.26, 2.53) | 1.39 (1.09, 1.77) | ---------- |
| Global Perceived Stress | 1.05 (1.02, 1.08) | ---------- | 1.10 (1.08, 1.13) | 1.06 (1.02, 1.10) | 1.03 (1.00, 1.06) | ---------- |
| Depressive symptoms | 1.90 (1.23, 2.94) | ---------- | 1.85 (1.35, 2.53) | ---------- | 1.26 (0.90, 1.77) | ---------- |
| Hypertension Yes versus No | 1.77 (1.36, 2.29) | 1.50 (1.07, 2.12) | 1.45 (1.16, 1.82) | ---------- | 1.83 (1.47, 2.28) | 1.56 (1.13, 2.18) |
| Diabetes Yes versus No | 1.57 (1.09, 2.25) | ---------- | 1.33 (1.02, 1.75) | ---------- | 2.84 (2.02, 4.01) | ---------- |
| Cardiovascular disease Yes versus No | 1.49 (0.98, 2.27) | ---------- | 1.26 (0.92, 1.72) | ---------- | 1.75 (1.20, 2.54) | 2.37 (1.22, 4.61) |
| Duration of sleep | ||||||
| <7 Hours | 1.60 (1.25, 2.05) | 1.42 (1.02, 1.98) | 1.66 (1.34, 2.05) | ---------- | 1.25 (1.01, 1.55) | ---------- |
| 7 ± 8 Hours | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ---------- | 1.0 | ---------- |
| >8 Hours | 1.01 (0.59, 1.74) | 0.74 (0.36, 1.50) | 0.75 (0.43, 1.31) | ---------- | 0.61 (0.37, 0.99) | ---------- |
| Perceived sleep quality | ||||||
| Excellent/Very Good/Good | 1.0 | ---------- | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ---------- |
| Fair/Poor | 1.77 (1.33, 2.34) | ---------- | 2.15 (1.74, 2.67) | 1.80 (1.31, 2.47) | 1.01 (0.81, 1.26) | ---------- |
| Restless sleep | ||||||
| None/Mild | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ---------- |
| Moderate/Severe | 2.78 (1.67, 4.64) | 2.48 (1.45, 4.25) | 3.31 (2.39, 4.57) | 2.35 (1.62, 3.40) | 1.38 (0.98, 1.96) | ---------- |
Abbreviations: OSA = Obstructive sleep apnea.
Model 1 is an age-adjusted logistic regression model for bivariate associations. Model 2 is the most parsimonious multivariable model obtained using a backward elimination technique (significance level of 0.05 for variable removal).
*
Age and body mass index were not considered as potential risk factors because these two variables are components of the Risk of OSA score.