Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics Assessed for Possible Predicting or Moderating Effects
| Lithium (n=90) | Risperidone (n=89) | Divalproex (n=100) | All (n=279) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| Age (yr) | 9.7 | 2.8 | 11.0 | 3.0 | 9.7 | 2.4 | 10.1 | 2.8 |
| Age at mania onset (yr) | 5.0 | 2.7 | 5.7 | 2.8 | 5.0 | 2.1 | 5.2 | 2.6 |
| Severity of ADHD | 15.9 | 3.0 | 15.9 | 3.0 | 16.2 | 2.3 | 16.0 | 2.8 |
| Severity of ODD | 6.2 | 1.6 | 5.9 | 1.8 | 5.9 | 1.6 | 6.0 | 1.7 |
|
| ||||||||
| % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | |
|
| ||||||||
| Female | 41.1 | 37 | 52.8 | 47 | 56.0 | 56 | 50.2 | 140 |
| Race/Ethnicity: | ||||||||
| White | 73.3 | 66 | 67.4 | 60 | 77.0 | 77 | 72.8 | 203 |
| African American | 18.9 | 17 | 23.6 | 21 | 16.0 | 16 | 19.3 | 54 |
| Hispanic | 3.3 | 3 | 2.2 | 2 | 1.0 | 1 | 2.2 | 6 |
| Other | 4.5 | 4 | 6.7 | 6 | 6.0 | 6 | 5.7 | 16 |
| Socio-Economic Status (SES)a | ||||||||
| 4 or 5 | 63.3 | 57 | 57.3 | 51 | 66.0 | 66 | 62.4 | 174 |
| 3 and below | 36.7 | 33 | 42.7 | 38 | 34.0 | 34 | 37.6 | 105 |
| Prepubertal Statusb | 64.4 | 58 | 56.2 | 50 | 69.0 | 69 | 63.4 | 177 |
| Referral source: | ||||||||
| Clinic | 38.9 | 35 | 41.6 | 37 | 37.0 | 37 | 39.1 | 109 |
| Advertisement | 52.2 | 47 | 47.2 | 42 | 51.0 | 51 | 50.2 | 140 |
| Other | 8.9 | 8 | 11.2 | 10 | 12.0 | 12 | 10.8 | 30 |
| Family history of Bipolar disorderc | 41.4 | 34 | 37.0 | 30 | 42.1 | 40 | 40.3 | 104 |
| Severity of mania: | ||||||||
| Score ≤5 | 14.4 | 13 | 18.0 | 16 | 23.0 | 23 | 18.6 | 52 |
| Score =6 | 64.4 | 58 | 65.2 | 58 | 59.0 | 59 | 62.7 | 175 |
| Score=7 | 21.1 | 19 | 16.9 | 15 | 18.0 | 18 | 18.6 | 52 |
| Psychosis | 71.1 | 64 | 79.8 | 71 | 80.0 | 80 | 77.1 | 215 |
| Number of comorbidities | ||||||||
| ≤1 | 18.9 | 17 | 20.2 | 18 | 24.0 | 24 | 21.2 | 59 |
| >1 | 81.1 | 73 | 79.8 | 71 | 76.0 | 76 | 78.9 | 220 |
| ADHD | 91.1 | 82 | 91.0 | 81 | 96.0 | 96 | 92.8 | 259 |
| ODD | 94.4 | 85 | 86.5 | 77 | 89.0 | 89 | 90.0 | 251 |
| Conduct disorder | 16.7 | 15 | 19.1 | 17 | 12.0 | 12 | 15.8 | 44 |
| On stimulant medication | 34.4 | 31 | 30.3 | 27 | 32.0 | 32 | 32.3 | 90 |
| History of major depression | 66.7 | 60 | 75.3 | 67 | 78.0 | 78 | 73.5 | 205 |
| Suicidality | 47.8 | 43 | 63.0 | 56 | 57.0 | 57 | 55.9 | 156 |
| Obese (BMI >95th percentile) | 18.9 | 17 | 13.5 | 12 | 17.0 | 17 | 16.5 | 46 |
| High maternal warmth | 32.2 | 29 | 40.5 | 36 | 36.0 | 36 | 36.2 | 101 |
Note: ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; BMI = body mass index; ODD = oppositional defiant disorder; yr = years.
a
Social status scored on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest
b
Pre-pubertal status was defined as a Tanner stage of I or II
c
Family history data were available for a total of 258 patients (82 in the lithium group, 81 in the risperidone group, and 95 in the divalproex group).