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Lateral view of a hummingbird hovering in rain. Digitized points are shown in black (dots), along with the derived kinematic parameters of body angle χbody, tail angle αtail, stroke amplitude ф and stroke plane angle β. The net vertical force produced by the wings offsets the gravitational force acting on the body mass (mbody) and adhered water mass (mwater) as well as the average impact force (Ffeather) associated with raindrops.
