Figure 2.

Flight kinematic parameters and total mechanical power output for hummingbirds hovering in control conditions of no rain, and under light, moderate and heavy precipitation: (a) Body angle χ_body, (b) tail angle α_tail, (c) stroke amplitude ф, (d) wingbeat frequency f_w, (e) normalized mechanical power assuming perfect (P_per: grey) and zero (P_zero: black) elastic energy storage and (f) stroke plane angle β. Values of P_per and P_zero are normalized relative to the average value of control conditions with no rain. Error bars indicate one standard error.