Figure 1. Control of DC subset development by cytokines under steady state and inflammatory conditions.

The ability of cytokines to positively regulate specific DC lineages is indicated by →; negative effects are indicated by ⊢. ^aIFN-α-IFNAR signals were shown to control the accrual of pDCs in Peyer's patches [106]. ^b,cType I IFN suppresses the development of CD8α⁺ and CD8α⁻ DCs, whereas TGF-β inhibits CD11c⁺B220⁻ DC production [119, 141, 147, 155, 156]. ^dThe role of M-CSFR ligands (M-CSF or IL-34) was demonstrated in the development of CD103⁻CD11b⁺CX₃CR1⁺ DCs in lamina propria [117]. ^eMice that lack M-CSFR show a more severe deficiency in LCs than those lacking M-CSF [57]. ^fTGF-β drives development of LC-like cells in human monocyte cultures, in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4 [52].