TABLE 2.
Effect of berry-based intervention on plasma cytokines and colorectal tissue markers in colorectal cancer patients
| Variable | Berry (Pre) | Berry (Post) | ΔBerry (Post - Pre) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (n =24): | Mean ± SEM | Mean ± SEM | Mean ± SEM | |
| Plasma cytokines (in pg/mL): | ||||
| Interleukin-1β | 1.55 ± 1.02 | 1.81 ± 1.18 | 0.27 ± 0.17 | 0.13 |
| Interleukin-2 | 1.37 ± 0.43 | 1.41 ± 0.39 | 0.04 ± 0.11 | 0.70 |
| Interleukin-6 | 7.83 ± 4.02 | 7.38 ± 3.74 | −0.45 ± 0.51 | 0.38 |
| Interleukin-8 | 9.16 ± 1.17 | 8.72 ± 1.16 | −0.45 ± 0.60 | 0.46 |
| Interleukin-10 | 3.98 ± 0.65 | 3.86 ± 0.56 | −0.11 ± 0.15 | 0.46 |
| Interleukin-12p70 | 3.38 ± 0.73 | 3.28 ± 0.62 | −0.11 ± 0.15 | 0.49 |
| GM-CSFa | 0.89 ± 0.23 | 1.01 ± 0.23 | 0.12 ± 0.04 | 0.007 |
| Interferon-γ | 11.5 ± 9.63 | 11.3 ± 9.65 | −0.20 ± 0.39 | 0.60 |
| TNF-αa | 16.3 ± 7.90 | 16.2 ± 8.10 | −0.06 ± 0.32 | 0.85 |
| Colorectal tissue markers: | ||||
| Proliferation (Ki67; % staining) | ||||
| Carcinoma | 57.8 ± 2.35 | 51.2 ± 1.87 | −6.60 ± 1.82 | 0.001 |
| Normalb | 11.7 ± 1.40 | 8.17 ± 1.11 | −3.56 ± 1.26 | 0.01 |
| Carcinoma - Normal2 | 46.0 ± 2.74 | 43.0 ± 2.35 | −3.05 ± 1.74 | 0.09 |
| Apoptosis (TUNEL; % staining) | ||||
| Carcinoma | 4.37 ± 0.99 | 7.07 ± 1.22 | 2.70 ± 1.22 | 0.04 |
| Normalb | 0.59 ± 0.10 | 0.80 ± 0.17 | 0.21 ± 0.15 | 0.18 |
| Carcinoma - Normal | 3.78 ± 0.97 | 6.27 ± 1.22 | 2.49 ± 1.21 | 0.05 |
| Angiogenesis (CD 105; % staining) | ||||
| Carcinoma | 6.74 ± 1.66 | 4.14 ± 0.80 | −2.60 ± 1.79 | 0.16 |
| Normalb | 2.50 ± 0.39 | 1.59 ± 0.28 | −0.91 ± 0.48 | 0.07 |
| Carcinoma - Normal | 4.24 ± 1.59 | 2.55 ± 0.62 | −1.68 ± 1.67 | 0.32 |
| Over 10 treatment days (n = 15): | ||||
| Interleukin-1β | 0.57 ± 0.11 | 0.62 ± 0.11 | 0.05 ± 0.08 | 0.55 |
| Interleukin-2 | 0.88 ± 0.18 | 0.95 ± 0.25 | 0.06 ± 0.12 | 0.61 |
| Interleukin-6 | 4.04 ± 0.85 | 3.62 ± 1.02 | −0.42 ± 0.59 | 0.49 |
| Interleukin-8 | 8.58 ± 1.42 | 6.98 ± 1.06 | −1.61 ± 0.71 | 0.04 |
| Interleukin-10 | 3.62 ± 0.70 | 3.48 ± 0.62 | −0.13 ± 0.16 | 0.41 |
| Interleukin-12p70 | 2.76 ± 0.59 | 2.72 ± 0.55 | −0.04 ± 0.13 | 0.76 |
| GM-CSFa | 0.56 ± 0.13 | 0.68 ± 0.13 | 0.12 ± 0.04 | 0.01 |
| Interferon-γ | 2.01 ± 0.58 | 1.53 ± 0.43 | −0.48 ± 0.61 | 0.45 |
| TNF-αa | 8.87 ± 1.04 | 8.36 ± 1.08 | −0.51 ± 0.39 | 0.21 |
a
GM-CSF: granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α.
b
Normal refers to normal-appearing colorectal tissue biopsied adjacent to the adenocarcinoma tissue.