Fig. 6.

(A) PPI interaction displayed as different regression slopes of DMPFC activity on left anterior insula activity during up-regulation compared to no-regulation in one representative subject. While a negative interaction was present in the first session, a significantly positive interaction was observed in the third session. (B) Parameter estimates reflecting the positive or negative connectivity between DMPFC/bilateral ventrolateral PFC and left anterior insula. (C) Regions showing effective connectivity with left anterior insula during emotional up-regulation while viewing threat-related pictures in the last training session, overlaid on a canonical single-subject brain. Significant positive modulations were found in the DMPFC and bilateral VLPFC (p<0.001).