Table 2.
Changes in clinical and laboratory variables during the study
| Experimental group | Control group | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Change 3–0 | Change 6–0 | Change 3–0 | Change 6–0 | P-value | |
| BMI (kg m−2) | –2.15 ± 1.42‡ | –2.18 ± 2.06‡ | –1.21 ± 1.46‡ | –0.98 ± 1.57‡ | 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol l−1) | –0.04 ± 0.74 | –0.11 ± 0.81 | 0.13 ± 0.51 | –0.04 ± 0.76 | 0.730 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol l−1) | –0.05 ± 0.18 | –0.01 ± 0.14 | 0.07 ± 0.16 | 0.08 ± 0.14* | 0.070 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol l−1) | –0.2 ± 0.57* | –0.17 ± 0.68* | –0.16 ± 0.48 | –0.14 ± 0.68 | 0.050 |
| Homocysteine (μmol l−1) | –2.9 ± 2.97‡ | –4.62 ± 3.4‡ | –1.49 ± 3.09* | –3.01 ± 2.92‡ | 0.170 |
| Triglycerides (mmol l−1) | –0.11 ± 0.96 | –0.27 ± 0.92 | 0.03 ± 0.49 | 0.05 ± 0.63 | 0.120 |
| Free fatty acids (mmol l−1) | –0.09 ± 0.38 | 0.09 ± 0.66 | 0.04 ± 0.72 | 0.24 ± 0.52* | 0.140 |
| Fibrinogen | –0.05 ± 1.36 | –0.51 ± 1.1* | 0.09 ± 0.75 | –0.33 ± 0.79* | 0.490 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol l−1) | –1.45 ± 2.2‡ | –1.49 ± 2.03‡ | –1.45 ± 2.83† | –1.05 ± 3.2 | 0.420 |
| Fasting plasma insulin (nmol l−1) | –2.85 ± 7.52* | –4.07 ± 9.12‡ | –1.92 ± 8.27 | –2.93 ± 8.75 | 0.780 |
| Fasting plasma C-peptide (mIU l−1) | –0.1 ± 0.37 | –0.18 ± 0.46 | –0.21 ± 0.34‡ | 0 ± 1.08 | 0.750 |
| HbA1c (DCCT, %) HbA1c (IFCC, mmol/mol) | –0.68 ± 0.86‡ –7 ± 9‡ | –0.65 ± 0.99‡ –7 ± 10‡ | –0.59 ± 0.89‡ –6 ± 9‡ | –0.21 ± 1.1 –2 ± 11 | 0.370 |
| hsCRP (mg l−1) | –1.68 ± 3.61* | –2.27 ± 4.69* | –1.41 ± 4.53 | 0.09 ± 7.4 | 0.450 |
| HMW adiponectin (μg ml−1) | 0.09 ± 1.41 | 0.59 ± 1.23* | 0.54 ± 1.44 | 0.33 ± 1.49 | 0.050 |
| Catalase (H2O2 min−1 mg−1) | 282 ± 290‡ | 203 ± 237‡ | 185 ± 237‡ | 118 ± 224† | 0.130 |
| TBARS (μmol l−1) | –0.31 ± 0.53† | –0.66 ± 0.54‡ | 0.27 ± 0.63* | –0.56 ± 0.62‡ | 0.560 |
| Dietary intake | |||||
| Caloric intake (kcal day−1) | –137 ± 477‡ | –99 ± 438‡ | –128 ± 641‡ | –36.9 ± 837‡ | 0.13 |
| Carbohydrates (% of daily energy) | 5.07 ± 9.81* | 8.24 ± 10.22† | –0.32 ± 9.21 | 3.15 ± 6.78 | 0.080 |
| Fats (% of daily energy) | 1.95 ± 2.63 | –1.22 ± 7.05* | 6.2 ± 2.77 | –1.33 ± 5.13* | 0.610 |
| Proteins (% of daily energy) | –6.87 ± 4.52‡ | –4.36 ± 3.05‡ | 0.52 ± 4.29 | –0.23 ± 4.12 | < 0.001 |
| Fibre intake (g day−1) | 6.02 ± 9.58* | 2.57 ± 6.62 | 1.73 ± 9.89 | –1.82 ± 8.87 | 0.030 |
| P/S ratio | 0.74 ± 0.55‡ | 0.57 ± 0.34‡ | 0.14 ± 0.22* | 0.1 ± 0.36 | 0.004 |
| Cholesterol intake (mg day−1) | –322 ± 224‡ | –319 ± 206‡ | –55.6 ± 187 | –22.2 ± 222 | < 0.001 |
| Quality of life | |||||
| OWLQOL score | 5.1 ± 12* | 11.5 ± 16‡ | 6.5 ± 12.7* | 7.3 ± 14.9* | 0.010 |
| WRSM score | –9.9 ± 14.8‡ | –13 ± 20.8‡ | –8.1 ± 16.9* | –8.8 ± 17.5* | 0.400 |
Data are means ± sd.
Listed P-values are for interaction between group and time assessed by repeated measures ANOVA. *P < 0.05, †P < 0.01 and ‡P < 0.001 for within-group changes from baseline assessed by paired comparison t-tests.
DCCT, Diabetes Control and Complications Trial; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; HMW, high molecular weight; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IFCC, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine; OWLQOL, Obesity and Weight-Loss Quality-of-Life; P/S ratio, ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; WRSM, Weight-Related Symptoms.