Table 1.

FMRI studies showing alterations in resting state functional connectivity of multiple networks in physiological (sleep, hypnosis), pharmacological (sedation), and pathological states of unconsciousness.

		N	Functional connectivity change	Method	Study
DMN	Light sleep	14	Connectivity persists	Seed-based	Horovitz et al. (2008)
		10	Connectivity persists	Seed-based	Larson-Prior et al. (2009)
	Slow wave sleep	14	↑: PCC correlation with IPC. Correlation within nodes persistent	Seed-based	Horovitz et al. (2009)
			↓: Correlation PCC with MPFC became absent
		25	↓: PCC, PHG, MPFC	ICA	Sämann et al. (2011)
	Light sedation	16	↑: PCC and areas outside of the DMN	Seed-based	Stamatakis et al. (2010)
		12	↓: General deceased connectivity, focal decreases PCC	ICA	Greicius et al. (2008)
	Anesthesia	20	↓: PCC/precuneus, MPFC, superior frontal sulci, parahippocampal gyrus, and bilateral TPJ	Seed-based and ICA	Boveroux et al. (2010)
		14	↑: PCC and STG	Seed-based	Martuzzi et al. (2010)
			↓: PCC and adjacent areas
		18	↓: Reduction connectivity within the DMN and between the DMN and other networks	ICA	Schrouff et al. (2011)
	Hypnosis	18	↓ right middle and superior frontal gyrus	Seed-based	McGeown et al. (2009)
		12	↑: Middle frontal and bilateral angular gyri	ICA	Demertzi et al. (2011b)
			↓: PCC and bilateral parahippocampal areas
	Comatose states	2	↓: Connectivity is absent in brain dead, decreased PCC, and thalamus connectivity	ICA	Boly et al. (2009)
			Preserved cortico-cortical connectivity
		11	↓: Connections between PCC and MPFC	Seed-based and ICA	Soddu et al. (2012)
			Locked-in patients showed near to normal connectivity
		14	↓: All areas showed less connectivity in disorders of consciousness, decrease of connectivity was negatively correlated with consciousness. PCC most significant decrease	ICA	Vanhaudenhuyse et al. (2010)
		13	Presence of DMN has prognostic value	ICA	Norton et al. (2012)
Executive control network	Light sleep	10	No difference	Seed-based	Larson-Prior et al. (2009)
	Slow wave sleep	25	Correlations within the network persist but decrease	ICA	Sämann et al. (2011)
	Light sedation	20	↓: Right: middle frontal and posterior parietal cortices.	Seed-based and ICA	Boveroux et al. (2010)
			Left: residual in middle frontal, PCC, and temporo-occipital cortices
Salience	Slow wave sleep	14	↑: Connectivity between insula and left ACC	Seed-based	Martuzzi et al. (2010)
			↓: Decrease between connectivity in the insula and supplementary motor cortex and left middle frontal gyrus
	Hypnosis	8	↑: Increases in mid-insula, primary sensory, and orbitofrontal cortex	Seed-based	Derbyshire et al. (2004)
Sensorymotor network	Light sleep	10	No difference	Seed-based	Larson-Prior et al. (2009)
	Slow wave sleep	14	↑: Connectivity within the network	Seed-based	Martuzzi et al. (2010)
	Light sedation	12	↑: Within-network increases	ICA	Greicius et al. (2008)
Auditory	Slow wave sleep	14	No difference	Seed-based	Martuzzi et al. (2010)
	Light sedation	20	No difference	Seed-based and ICA	Boveroux et al. (2010)
Visual	Light sleep	10	No difference	Seed-based	Larson-Prior et al. (2009)
	Light sedation	14	↑: Primary visual area with the cuneus and lingual gyrus	Seed-based	Martuzzi et al. (2010)
	Anesthesia	20	No difference	Seed-based and ICA	Boveroux et al. (2010)

Upper arrow denotes increases in functional connectivity; lower arrow denotes decreases in functional connectivity. (DMN, default mode network; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex; PHG, parahippocampal gyrus; IPC, inferior parietal cortex; MPFC, medial prefrontal cortex; TPJ, temporoparietal junction; STG, superior temporal gyrus, ICA, independent component analysis).