Figure 18. Identification of a unique gene signature in CD14⁺CD16^– blood monocytes from ALS subjects.

(A) PCA analysis of the identified affected genes between sALS and fALS subjects versus healthy controls with spatial gene distribution. (B) qRT-PCR validation of 8 selected genes in an independent cohort that were the most significantly upregulated or downregulated. Relative expression in sALS and fALS against healthy controls were calculated using the 2^–ΔΔCt method. Gene expression level was normalized against the geometric mean of 3 housekeeping genes (GAPDH, TUBB, and GRB2). PCRs were run in duplicate per subject. Each data point represents an individual subject. Horizontal bars denote mean of gene expression for each group. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, 1-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple-comparison post hoc test.