Table 4.

Summary of teleost skin mucosal and systemic antibody responses following oral, immersion (imm.), bath, intraperitoneal (i.p.) or surface exposure (s.e.) immunizations

Species	Route	Antigen	Responsea		Reference
			Skin	Systemic
Channel catfish	i.p.	I.multifiliis sonicated trophonts I. multifiliis formalin killed I. multifiliis freeze-thawed trophonts	++ − −	++ − −	(Xu et al., 2009a)
Grass carp	i.p.	SMRV	+	++	(Lu et al., 2008)
Olive flounder	oral	E. tarda ghosts	+	+	(Kwon et al., 2007)
White sturgeon	i.p.	WSIV FITC:KLH±FCA	+ +	+ +	(Drennan et al., 2007)
Grouper	s.e. i.p.	Cryptocarion irritans	+ +	+ +	(Luo et al., 2007)
Barramundi	oral	Streptococcus iniae	+	+	(Delamare-Deboutteville et al., 2006)
Channel catfish (ELISA from skin explants)	i.p. i.p. + i.p. i.p. + bath	F. columnare	+	NM	(Shoemaker et al., 2005)
Tilapia	imm. i.p.	F. columnare	ns +	ns ++	(Grabowski et al., 2004)
European eel	imm. (x3)	V. vulnificus	+	++	(Esteve-Gassent et al., 2004b)
Rainbow trout (Plasmon resonance)	i.p.	FITC-KLH	+	++	(Cain et al., 2002)
European eel (ELISA and in situ dot blot)	oral	V. anguillarum enteric coated	+	+	(Wong et al., 1992)

^aResponses are shown as positive or negative specific IgM levels measured by ELISA unless otherwise stated. Responses were scored: + (significant but low), ++ (intermediate), +++ (highest), ns (notstatistically significant), or NM (not measured). These scores are not comparable across different studies.