Table 2. Clinical characteristics of GBS patients associated with presence IgM and/or IgG antibodies in serum to the gangliosides GM1, GD1a and GQ1b^*.

	Serum IgM and/or IgG antibodies to GM1, GD1a and/or GQ1b
	Positive (N = 54)	Negative (N = 43)	Odds ratio (95% CI)	P-value†
Clinical features
Age (median)	18 (2–52)	21 (5–65)	–	n.s.
Sex	41M/13F	29M/14F	1.07 (0.4–2.86)	n.s.
Preceding diarrhea	26 (48%)	10 (19%)	3.06 (1.6–8.2)	<0.02
Ventilation	10 (18%)	13 (30%)	0.56 (0.2–1.5)	n.s.
Sensory deficit at entry	0 (0%)	8 (14%)	–	0.001
C. jejuni infections
Positive C. jejuni serology	43 (80%)	12 (28%)	10.1 (3.6–29.1)	<0.001
Positive anti-LOS serology	47 (87%)	10 (23%)	22.1 (6.9–75.5)	<0.001
Electrophysiology (N = 64)
AMAN, AMSAN‡	28/42 (67%)	15/22 (68%)	0.9 (0.3–3.2)	n.s.
AIDP§	8/42 (19%)	6/22 (27%)	0.8 (0.5–1.4)	n.s.
Unclassified	6/42 (14%)	1/22 (5%)	3.5 (0.4–82.5)	n.s.

^*Data were expressed as median or number of patients (percentage); M, male; F, female; CI, confidence interval; – cannot be calculated.

^†Determined by Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test.

^¶Determined by Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U test.

^‡Axonal variants: acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), acute motor sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN).

^§AIDP, acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.