Table 3. Indian and White participants for selected characteristics.

Domain	Variable	Range/categories (see Appendix for numbers in each level)	White percent or mean	Indian percent or mean	P for ethnic difference
A priori confounders	Child’s sex	Male	50.8	52.5	0.54(x)
		Female	49.2	47.6
	Child’s age	Range 5-16 years	m=10.2	m=10.3	0.29(z)
Family SEP	Parent’s highest educational qualification	No qualifications	19.8	28.3	<0.001(x)
		Poor GCSEs	14.9	17.7
		Good GCSEs	31.3	18.9
		A-level	10.7	6.8
		Diploma	10.8	9.7
		Degree	12.5	18.6
	Housing tenure	Owner occupied	71.0	88.7	<0.001(x)
		Social sector rented	22.5	7.7
		Privately rented	6.5	3.6
Family composition	Family type	Two-parent family	65.4	92.2	<0.001(x)
		Step family	12.1	1.1
		Lone parent family	22.4	6.7
Family stress	Family functioning	Range 1-3.75 points	m=1.69	m=1.80	<0.001(z)
Child	Teacher- reported academic difficulties	Range 0-9 points	m=3.03	m=2.71	0.05(z)
	Parent-reported learning difficulty	No	91.4	97.1	<0.001(x)
		Yes	8.6	2.9
	Parent-reported dyslexia	No	96.4	99.5	<0.001 (x)
		Yes	3.6	0.5
Child, B- CAMHS 1999 only	Formal reading ability	Range −3.1 s.d. to +2.7 s.d.from average	m=0.00	m=0.13	0.24(y)
	Formal spelling ability	Range −3.5 s.d. to +3.1 s.d.from average	m=0.00	m=0.32	0.001(y)

(x)=chi-squared test for association; (y)=T-test (normally distributed continuous variables); (z)=Wilcoxon non-parametric test (non-normal continuous variables). Details on all covariates presented in the Electronic Appendix.