Table 4.
Occupational risk factors for regional pain in the past 12 months
| N | Low Back Pain (n =125)‡ |
Neck Pain (n =135)‡ |
Shoulder Pain (n =124)‡ |
Elbow Pain (n = 50)‡ |
Wrist/hand pain (n = 79)‡ |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| No | (%) | OR | 95% CI | No | (%) | OR | 95% CI | No | (%) | OR | 95% CI | No | (%) | OR | 95% CI | No ‡ | (%) +ve |
OR | 95% CI | |||
| Physical Activities | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wrist/finger movements >4 h/d | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 33 | 14 | (42) | 1 | - | 20 | (61) | 1 | - | 13 | (39) | 1 | - | 10 | (30) | 1 | - | 6 | (18) | 1 | - | |
| Yes | 209 | 110 | (53) | 1.5 | 0.7-3.2 | 114 | (55) | 0.8 | 0.4-1.7 | 110 | (53) | 1.7 | 0.8-3.6 | 40 | (19) | 0.5 | 0.2-1.2 | 73 | (35) | 2.4 | 1.0-6.1 | |
| Elbow bending >1h/d | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 60 | 20 | (33) | 1 | - | 29 | (48) | 1 | - | 21 | (35) | 1 | - | 9 | (15) | 1 | - | 20 | (33) | 1 | - | |
| Yes | 182 | 104 | (57) | 2.7 | 1.5-4.9 | 105 | (58) | 1.5 | 0.8-2.6 | 103 | (57) | 2.4 | 1.3-4.4 | 41 | (23) | 1.7 | 0.8-3.6 | 59 | (32) | 1.0 | 0.5-1.8 | |
| Hands above shoulder >1h/d | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 141 | 72 | (51) | 1 | - | 79 | (56) | 1 | - | 72 | (51) | 1 | - | 30 | (21) | 1 | - | 41 | (29) | 1 | - | |
| Yes | 101 | 52 | (52) | 1.0 | 0.6-1.7 | 56 | (55) | 1.0 | 0.6-1.6 | 52 | (52) | 1.0 | 0.6-1.7 | 20 | (20) | 0.9 | 0.5-1.7 | 38 | (38) | 1.5 | 0.9-2.5 | |
| Lifting heavy weights | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 202 | 107 | (53) | 1 | - | 110 | (54) | 1 | - | 104 | (52) | 1 | - | 38 | (19) | 1 | - | 64 | (32) | 1 | - | |
| Yes | 37 | 16 | (43) | 0.7 | 0.3-1.4 | 22 | (59) | 1.2 | 0.6-2.5 | 17 | (46) | 0.8 | 0.4-1.6 | 11 | (30) | 1.8 | 0.8-4.0 | 14 | (38) | 1.3 | 0.6-2.7 | |
| Psychosocial | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Choice over work | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 107 | 49 | (46) | 1 | - | 57 | (53) | 1 | - | 52 | (53) | 1 | - | 24 | (22) | 1 | - | 29 | (27) | 1 | - | |
| No | 136 | 76 | (56) | 1.5 | 0.9-2.5 | 78 | (57) | 1.2 | 0.7-2.0 | 72 | (49) | 1.2 | 0.7-2.0 | 26 | (19) | 0.8 | 0.4-1.5 | 50 | (37) | 1.6 | 0.9-2.7 | |
| Support at work | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 186 | 91 | (49) | 1 | - | 99 | (53) | 1 | - | 90 | (48) | 1 | - | 38 | (20) | 1 | - | 62 | (33) | 1 | - | |
| No | 57 | 34 | (60) | 1.5 | 0.9-2.8 | 36 | (63) | 1.5 | 0.8-2.8 | 34 | (60) | 1.6 | 0.9-2.9 | 12 | (21) | 1.0 | 0.5-2.2 | 17 | (30) | 0.9 | 0.5-1.6 | |
| Job security | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 187 | 96 | (51) | 1 | - | 101 | (54) | 1 | - | 95 | (51) | 1 | - | 37 | (19) | 1 | - | 65 | (35) | 1 | - | |
| No | 53 | 27 | (51) | 1.0 | 0.5-1.8 | 32 | (60) | 1.3 | 0.7-2.4 | 27 | (51) | 1.0 | 0.6-1.9 | 12 | (23) | 1.2 | 0.6-2.5 | 12 | (23) | 0.6 | 0.3-1.1 | |
| Performance anxiety | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Seldom | 206 | 104 | (50) | 1 | - | 112 | (54) | 1.0 | - | 103 | (50) | 1 | - | 43 | (21) | 1 | - | 68 | (33) | 1 | - | |
| Often | 34 | 20 | (59) | 1.2 | 0.8-1.7 | 21 | (62) | 1.2 | 0.8-1.7 | 20 | (59) | 1.2 | 0.8-1.7 | 7 | (21) | 1.0 | 0.6-1.6 | 11 | (32) | 1.0 | 0.7-1.5 | |
| Instrument type | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Strings | 151 | 85 | (56) | 1 | - | 83 | (55) | 1 | - | 83 | (55) | 1 | - | 35 | (23) | 1 | - | 48 | (32) | 1 | - | |
| Wind | 36 | 16 | (44) | 0.6 | 0.3-1.3 | 24 | (67) | 1.6 | 0.8-3.5 | 18 | (50) | 0.8 | 0.4-1.7 | 5 | (14) | 0.5 | 0.2-1.5 | 17 | (47) | 1.9 | 0.9-4.0 | |
| Brass | 39 | 15 | (38) | 0.5 | 0.2-1.0 | 19 | (49) | 0.8 | 0.4-1.6 | 18 | (46) | 0.7 | 0.4-1.4 | 5 | (13) | 0.5 | 0.2-1.3 | 6 | (15) | 0.4 | 0.2-1.0 | |
| Other | 17 | 9 | (53) | 0.9 | 0.3-2.4 | 9 | (53) | 0.9 | 0.3-2.5 | 5 | (29) | 0.3 | 0.1-1.0 | 5 | (29) | 1.4 | 0.5-4.2 | 6 | (47) | 1.9 | 0.7-5.3 | |
‡
Some respondents did not answer all of the questions