Table 1.

Covariates/confounders according to maternal gestational diabetes mellitus status. Values are mean (SD) unless otherwise stated

Covariates	ODM (n=32)	Controls (n=483)	P b
Maternal factors in pregnancy
Age (years)	28.7 (4.9)	23.6 (4.0)	<0.0001
Parity 2+ (No (%))	6 (18.8)	82 (17.0)	0.8
Height (cm)	152.2 (5.8)	154.4 (5.3)	0.02
Body mass index (kg/m2)a	27.1 (25.0, 29.1)	23.1 (20.9, 25.9)	<0.0001
Fasting glucose concentration (mmol/L)	5.8 (1.7)	4.5 (0.4)	<0.0001
120-min glucose concentration (mmol/L)	9.8 (4.0)	5.8 (1.1)	<0.0001
Infant factors at birth
Gestational age (weeks)	39.3 (1.2)	39.3 (1.6)	0.9
Birthweight (kg)	3.270 (0.459)	2.854 (0.441)	<0.0001
Birthweight (SD score)
Boys	0.6(0.9)	−0.002 (1.01	0.08
Girls	1.2 (1.1)	−0.07 (1.0)	<0.0001
Head circumference (cm)	34.3 (1.2)	33.8 (1.4)	0.04
Head circumference (SD score)
Boys	0.4 (0.8)	−0.01 (1.0)	0.2
Girls	1.04 (0.5)	−0.04 (1.0)	0.03
Children’s factors at the time of cognitive testing
Age (years)	9.7 (0.3)	9.7 (0.3)	0.3
Height (cm)	131.3 (6.2)	130.7 (5.7)	0.6
Height-SD score
Boys	−0.70 (1.07)	−0.63 (0.88)	0.8
Girls	−0.65 (0.97)	−0.85 (0.95)	0.3
Body mass index (kg/m2)	15.9 (1.8)	14.5 (1.8)	<0.0001
Body mass index –SD score
Boys	−0.75(1.13)	−1.36 (1.24)	0.1
Girls	−0.18 (1.04)	−1.26 (1.22)	0.0001
Parents socio-economic status
Standard of living index (score)	37.4 (7.8)	36.2 (8.3)	0.4
Maternal education (No (%))
<10 completed years	3 (9.4)	186 (38.6)
−10 completed years	10 (31.2)	149 (30.9)	0.001
>10 completed years	19 (59.4)	147 (30.5)
Paternal education (No (%))
<10 completed years	7 (21.9)	186 (38.6)
−10 completed years	20 (62.5)	183 (38.0)	0.02
>10 completed years	5 (15.6)	113 (23.4)
Residence: Rural (No (%))	5 (15.6)	134 (27.7)	0.1
: Urban (No (%))	27 (84.4)	349 (72.3)	0.1

^aTransformed variable; values are median (Inter-quartile range).

^bP values are for the difference between ODM’s and controls derived using t-tests or Chi² tests.