Table 2.

Association between maternal gestational diabetes mellitus status and children’s cognitive test scores

n=515 (whole cohort)
Cognitive tests	ODM (n=32) Mean (SD)	Controls (n=483) Mean (SD)	P b	β (95% CI)	P c	β (95% CI)	P d	β (95% CI)	P e
Learning, long-term retrieval/storage (Atlantis)	75.9 (16.2)	67.5 (17.1)	0.008	0.5(0.12,0.84)	0.009	0.4(0.02,0.71)	0.04	0.4(0.01,0.75)	0.04
Short-term memory (Word order)	17.0 (2.7)	16.4 (2.6)	0.2	0.2(−0.19, 0.54)	0.3	0.02(−0.33,0.37)	0.9	0.03(−0.35,0.40)	0.8
Reasoning ability a (Pattern reasoning)	12.5 (9.0, 16.0)	10.0 (4.0, 14.0)	0.02	0.4(0.01,0.73)	0.04	0.2(−0.10,0.58)	0.2	0.1(−0.23,0.51)	0.4
Verbal ability-animals (Verbal fluency)	13.1 (3.0)	12.0 (3.3)	0.07	0.3(−0.05,0.67)	0.09	0.2(−0.12,0.59)	0.2	0.2(−0.16,0.61)	0.2
Verbal ability-names (Verbal fluency)	18.2 (5.2)	16.0 (4.9)	0.01	0.4(0.01,0.71)	0.04	0.3(−0.05,0.64)	0.09	0.5(0.09,0.83)	0.02
Visuo-spatial ability a (Koh’s block design)	85.3 (68.1, 97.3)	76.2 (62.6, 87.8)	0.1	0.3(−0.06,0.66)	0.1	0.2(−0.18,0.52)	0.4	0.01(−0.36,0.39)	0.9
Attention and concentration (Coding-WISC-III)	36.8 (8.0)	32.4 (8.1)	0.003	0.4(0.09,0.75)	0.01	0.3(0.01,0.67)	0.04	0.3(−0.04,0.67)	0.08

^aTransformed variable; values are median (Inter-quartile range).

^bP values are for the difference between ODM’s and controls derived using t-tests

β is the effect size (SD) on the outcome (non transformed and transformed) per unit change in the exposure (maternal gestational diabetes mellitus status) derived using multiple linear regression.

^cP value derived using multiple linear regression adjusted for child’s sex, gestation and age

^dP value derived using multiple linear regression adjusted for child’s sex, gestation, age, SES, parents’ education and rural/urban residence

^eP value derived using multiple linear regression adjusted for child’s sex, gestation, age, SES, parents’ education, rural/urban residence, maternal age, BMI and parity in pregnancy and child’s weight and head circumference at birth.