Figure 3.
The excitatory effect of OA on bursting activity of the in vitro isolated HG. (A) Extracellular recording from the HG efferent inner esophageal nerve (IEN), before and during bath application of 10−5 M OA (AI) and 10−4 M OA (AII), as well as after wash. Rectified and smoothed signals are shown in red, aligned on top of the unprocessed signal. (B) Summary of the dose-dependent excitatory effect. Values are means ± S.D. (C) Output of a force transducer connected to the crop wall showing the effect of 10−5 M octopamine on an in vitro foregut preparation that included the HG, with intact IEN foregut innervation. y-Axes are normalized units of the force transducer voltage output.