Table 4.
Main clinical risk factors of atrial fibrillation and their association with oxidative stress.
| Risk factors of atrial fibrillation | Reference |
|---|---|
| CARDIAC DISEASES | |
| Hypertension | (De Champlain et al., 2004) |
| Coronary artery disease | (Vassalle et al., 2004; Madamanchi et al., 2005) |
| Cardiomyopathies and heart failure | (Ide et al., 2000; Sam et al., 2005) |
| Valvular diseases | (Liberman et al., 2008; Miller et al., 2008) |
| PULMONARY DISEASES | |
| Pulmonary embolism | (Ovechkin et al., 2007) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | (Hattori et al., 1997) |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | (Yamauchi et al., 2005) |
| Pneumonia | (Duflo et al., 2002) |
| SURGERIES | |
| CABG and valve surgeries | (Milei et al., 2001) |
| Cardiac transplantation | (Kofler et al., 2008) |
| OTHER DISEASES AND CONDITIONS | |
| Aging | (Kregel and Zhang, 2007) |
| Hyperthyroidism | (Civelek et al., 2001) |
| Diabetes Mellitus and obesity | (Li et al., 2008) |
| Autonomic dysfunction | (Irigoyen et al., 2005) |
| Alcohol | (Cederbaum, 2001) |
From Sovari, A. A. and Dudley, S. C. (2010). “Atrial Fibrillation and oxidative stress,” in Studies on Cardiovascular Disorders, Oxidative Stress in Applied Basic Research and Clinical Practice, 1st Edn., eds H. Sauer and A. Shah (Humana Press – Springer Science), 373–387; ISBN-13: 978-1607615996.