Table 6.

A review of some of the known arrhythmogenic molecular targets of ROS molecules.

ROS molecule	Known arrhythmogenic targets
Superoxide	CaMKII (Kawakami and Okabe, 1998; Erickson et al., 2011), RyR (Kawakami and Okabe, 1998), L-type Ca2+ channels (Di Wang et al., 1999), SERCA (Tong et al., 2010), sodium channels (Tu et al., 2012), c-Src (Pu et al., 1996), NCX (Blaustein and Lederer, 1999)
Hydrogen peroxide	CaMKII (Erickson et al., 2011), RyR (Shan et al., 2010), L-type Ca2+ channels (Thomas et al., 1998), SERCA (Dremina et al., 2007), sodium channels (Ma et al., 2005), c-Src (Brumell et al., 1996; Yoshizumi et al., 2000), NCX (Soliman et al., 2009)
Hydroxyl radical	RyR (Anzai et al., 1998), SERCA (Morris and Sulakhe, 1997), L-type Ca2+ channels (Shirotani et al., 2001), NCX (Ziegelstein et al., 1992)
Peroxynitrite	RyR (Fauconnier et al., 2010), SERCA (Adachi et al., 2004), L-type Ca2+ channels (Mallet, 2005), sodium channels (Gautier et al., 2008), NCX (Chesnais et al., 1999)

CaMKII, Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases II; NCX, Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger; ROS, reactive oxygen species; RYR, ryanodine receptor; SERCA, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPase.