Table 1.
Function and regulation of selected examples of bEBPs
| bEBP | Description | Organism | Function (target) | Regulatory domain(s) | Stimulus/mode of regulation | Regulation(s) of AAA+ activity | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PspF | Phage shock protein F | Escherichia coli | Phage shock response (Eσ54) | Absent | Interaction in trans with PspA | Negative (by PspA) | 72, 73, 113, 114 |
| NifA | Nitrogen fixation regulatory protein | Azotobacter vinelandii | Regulation of nitrogenase (Eσ54) | GAF domain | (i) Small-ligand binding (2-oxoglutarate), (ii) in trans in response to NifL | (i) Positive (by 2-OG), (ii) negative (by NifL) | 136, 137 |
| NtrC | Nitrogen regulatory protein C | Salmonella enterica | Regulation of glutamine synthetase (and other functions of nitrogen metabolism) (Eσ54) | RR | Phosphorylation by sensor kinase NtrB | Positive | 8, 62, 66, 216 |
| NtrC1 | Nitrogen regulatory protein C1 | Aquifex aeolicus | Homologue of NtrC (Eσ54) | RR | Phosphorylation | Negative (R domain releases inhibition of C domain) | 66, 128 |
| NtrC4 | Nitrogen regulatory protein C4 | Aquifex aeolicus | Homologue of NtrC (Eσ54) | RR | Phosphorylation | Negative (R domain releases inhibition of C domain) | 11, 12 |
| XylR | Xylene catabolism regulatory protein | Pseudomonas putida | Regulation of oxidative transformation of toluene, m-xylene, and p-xylene (Eσ54) | V4R domain | Small-ligand binding (aromatic effectors) | Negative (R domain releases inhibition of C domain) | 76, 161, 162 |
| DctD | C4-Dicarboxylic acid transport protein D | Sinorhizobium meliloti | Regulation of C4-dicarboxylic acid transport (Eσ54) | RR | Phosphorylation | Negative (R domain releases inhibition of C domain) | 66, 226, 228 |
| DmpR | 3,4-Demethylphenol catabolism regulatory protein | Pseudomonas sp. strain CF600 | Regulation of (methyl)phenol catabolism (Eσ54) | V4R domain | Small-ligand binding (aromatic effectors) | Negative (R domain releases inhibition of C domain) | 193, 194, 222 |
| NorR | Nitric oxide reductase regulator | Escherichia coli | Regulation of NO detoxification system (Eσ54) | GAF domain | Small-ligand binding (nitric oxide) | Negative (R domain releases inhibition of C domain) | 36, 37, 60, 106, 206 |
| ZraR | Zinc resistance-associated protein regulator | Salmonella Typhimurium | Regulation of heavy metal tolerance system (Eσ54) | RR | Phosphorylation by sensor kinase ZraS | Unknown | 130, 181 |
| FhlA | Formate-hydrogen lyase activator protein | Escherichia coli | Regulates formate-hydrogen lyase (which oxidizes formic acid) (Eσ54) | Two GAF domains | Small-ligand binding (formate) | Negative | 100, 183 |
| TyrR | Tyrosine regulator | Escherichia coli | Regulation of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis and transport (Eσ70) | PAS and ACT domains | Small-ligand binding (phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan) in the presence of ATP | ATPase inactive (activates or represses Eσ70 promoters) | 164, 165 |
| HrpR/S | Hypersensitive reaction pathogenicity island regulator | Pseudomonas syringae | Regulation of hrp-hrc pathogenicity island (Eσ54) | Absent | Interaction with apparent sensor kinase (HrpS) | Negative (HrpS regulated by HrpV; HrpR regulated by HrpG) | 105, 122, 170, 188 |
| FlgR | Flagellar gene regulator | Helicobacter pylori | Regulates class III flagellar genes; only bEBP present in organism, activates from solution (no D domain) (Eσ54) | RR | Phosphorylation by sensor kinase FlgS | Negative (release of repression) | 26, 197 |