Table 2.

Cross-interactions between phenotypic and mutational effects in populations

Mutational process or effect	Example(s)	Reference(s)
SIM	DNA damage inducing error-prone polymerases; starvation/stress-mediated increase in RpoS inducing error-prone polymerase	188, 267, 311
Phase variation	Environmental regulation of switching rates	18
GDA	Stress-induced amplification	181
Competence/LGT	DNA uptake regulated by starvation and other stresses	345
Transient mutation	Mistranslation of DNA repair proteins and stochastic variations	218
Buffering phenotypes of mutations	Mutational effects altered by chaperones	202, 329