Table 3.
Association of urbanization (first panel) and income (second panel) with cardiometabolic risk in younger and older adults.
| Prevalence Odds ratios from logistic regression models, stratified by age | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urbanization | Males | Females | |||
| Age 18–40 years n=1,014 |
Age ≥40 years n=2,970 |
Age 18–40 years n=1,068 |
Age ≥40 years n=3,406 |
||
| Overweight | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Med | 1.16 (0.82, 1.64) | 1.70 (1.39, 2.08) | 0.84 (0.58, 1.24) | 1.23 (1.03, 1.47) | |
| Hi | 1.22 (0.86, 1.73) | 1.86 (1.53, 2.27) | 0.67 (0.45, 1.00) | 1.20 (1.01, 1.43) | |
| IFG | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Med | 0.84 (0.51, 1.38) | 1.45 (1.16, 1.82) | 1.31 (0.75, 2.30) | 1.55 (1.24, 1.93) | |
| Hi | 1.17 (0.73, 1.87) | 1.72 (1.38, 2.14) | 1.84 (1.08, 3.15) | 1.88 (1.52, 2.33) | |
| Diabetic | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Med | 1.48 (0.62, 3.51) | 1.42 (1.03, 1.96) | 0.97 (0.14, 6.92) | 1.50 (1.06, 2.10) | |
| Hi | 1.53 (0.64, 3.62) | 1.75 (1.28, 2.38) | 2.41 (0.46, 12.50) | 2.01 (1.45, 2.78) | |
| Impaired A1c | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Med | 0.83 (0.57, 1.20) | 0.89 (0.73, 1.08) | 0.80 (0.54, 1.18) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.16) | |
| Hi | 0.75 (0.51, 1.10) | 0.87 (0.72, 1.05) | 0.62 (0.41, 0.93) | 0.96 (0.80, 1.15) | |
| High A1c | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Med | 2.69 (0.95, 7.65)* | 1.35 (0.98, 1.86) | 2.92 (0.30, 28.26)* | 1.86 (1.37, 2.53) | |
| Hi | 2.12 (0.72, 6.27)* | 1.77 (1.31, 2.39) | 6.80 (0.83, 55.59)* | 2.01 (1.49, 2.71) | |
| High TG | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Med | 1.36 (0.98, 1.88) | 1.43 (1.18, 1.73) | 0.75 (0.50, 1.12) | 1.12 (0.94, 1.34) | |
| Hi | 1.96 (1.42, 2.70) | 1.89 (1.57, 2.27) | 0.64 (0.42, 0.97) | 1.24 (1.04, 1.48) | |
| High LDL | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Med | 1.71 (1.16, 2.53) | 2.07 (1.70, 2.54) | 1.16 (0.74, 1.83) | 1.47 (1.23, 1.75) | |
| Hi | 1.99 (1.35, 2.93) | 1.82 (1.49, 2.23) | 1.38 (0.89, 2.15) | 1.61 (1.36, 1.91) | |
| Low HDL | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Med | 1.24 (0.85, 1.81) | 1.19 (0.92, 1.56) | 0.67 (0.49, 0.92) | 0.89 (0.74, 1.06) | |
| Hi | 1.34 (0.92, 1.95) | 2.29 (1.80, 2.92) | 0.68 (0.49, 0.93) | 1.17 (0.99, 1.39) | |
| High TC | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Med | 1.63 (1.12, 2.36) | 2.05 (1.69, 2.48) | 1.40 (0.90, 2.18) | 1.38 (1.17, 1.64) | |
| Hi | 1.86 (1.29, 2.68) | 1.79 (1.48, 2.16) | 1.41 (0.91, 2.19) | 1.45 (1.23, 1.72) | |
| Hypertension | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Med | 0.78 (0.55, 1.10) | 1.20 (1.01, 1.44) | 1.02 (0.64, 1.65) | 1.14 (0.96, 1.35) | |
| Hi | 0.89 (0.63, 1.26) | 1.28 (1.07, 1.52) | 0.54 (0.31, 0.94) | 1.42 (1.21, 1.68) | |
| Pre-HTN | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Med | 0.76 (0.50, 1.15) | 1.07 (0.89, 1.28) | 1.02 (0.54, 1.91) | 1.11 (0.92, 1.32) | |
| Hi | 0.63 (0.41, 0.98)* | 1.13 (0.94, 1.36) | 0.32 (0.13, 0.77) | 1.32 (1.11, 1.57) | |
| High CRP | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Med | 1.72 (1.14, 2.59) | 1.05 (0.86, 1.28) | 1.03 (0.68, 1.56) | 1.13 (0.93, 1.37) | |
| Hi | 1.66 (1.10, 2.51) | 0.99 (0.81, 1.21) | 0.86 (0.56, 1.32) | 1.33 (1.11, 1.61) | |
| Income | Males | Females | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age 18–40 years | Age ≥40 years | Age 18–40 years | Age ≥40 years | ||
| Overweight | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Med | 1.00 (0.69, 1.44) | 1.19 (0.97, 1.45) | 0.68 (0.45, 1.02) | 1.12 (0.94, 1.34) | |
| Hi | 1.07 (0.75, 1.52) | 1.59 (1.31, 1.93) | 0.76 (0.51, 1.12) | 1.29 (1.08, 1.54) | |
| IFG | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Med | 0.98 (0.58, 1.66) | 1.16 (0.93, 1.44) | 0.88 (0.58, 1.35) | 0.88 (0.74, 1.06) | |
| Hi | 1.13 (0.69, 1.87) | 1.20 (0.96, 1.49) | 0.97 (0.65, 1.46) | 1.08 (0.91, 1.30) | |
| Diabetic | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Med | 0.59 (0.24, 1.45) | 1.06 (0.77, 1.46) | 4.05 (0.47, 34.84) | 0.67 (0.49, 0.93) | |
| Hi | 0.86 (0.39, 1.91) | 1.51 (1.12, 2.04) | 2.16 (0.22, 20.84) | 0.88 (0.65, 1.17) | |
| Impaired A1c | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Med | 0.75 (0.49, 1.12) | 0.95 (0.78, 1.14) | 0.85 (0.41, 1.18) | 1.08 (0.84, 1.36) | |
| Hi | 0.95 (0.65, 1.41) | 1.04 (0.86, 1.26) | 0.86 (0.42, 1.78) | 0.93 (0.73, 1.20) | |
| High A1c | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Med | 0.48 (0.17, 1.37) | 0.94 (0.69, 1.29) | 1.34 (0.32, 5.65) | 0.73 (0.55, 0.97) | |
| Hi | 0.92 (0.39, 2.12) | 1.45 (1.08, 1.93) | 0.71 (0.14, 3.56) | 1.04 (0.80, 1.36) | |
| High TG | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Med | 1.27 (0.91, 1.79) | 1.23 (1.02, 1.49) | 0.77 (0.51, 1.16) | 1.10 (0.92, 1.31) | |
| Hi | 1.04 (0.75, 1.46) | 1.33 (1.11, 1.61) | 0.64 (0.42, 0.98) | 1.16 (0.97, 1.38) | |
| High LDL | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Med | 1.28 (0.85, 1.92) | 1.08 (0.89, 1.31) | 0.93 (0.59, 1.45) | 1.10 (0.93, 1.30) | |
| Hi | 1.34 (0.90, 1.98) | 1.13 (0.93, 1.37) | 0.76 (0.48, 1.19) | 0.88 (0.75, 1.05) | |
| Low HDL | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Med | 1.14 (0.76, 1.71) | 1.21 (0.95, 1.53) | 0.77 (0.55, 1.07) | 1.01 (0.85, 1.20) | |
| Hi | 1.12 (0.75, 1.65) | 1.17 (0.92, 1.49) | 0.85 (0.62, 1.17) | 1.08 (0.91, 1.29) | |
| High TC | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Med | 1.33 (0.90, 1.96) | 0.99 (0.82, 1.19) | 1.00 (0.65, 1.53) | 1.13 (0.96, 1.33) | |
| Hi | 1.28 (0.88, 1.87) | 1.11 (0.92, 1.33) | 0.65 (0.41, 1.01) | 0.92 (0.77, 1.08) | |
| Hypertension | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Med | 0.81 (0.57, 1.16) | 0.92 (0.77, 1.10) | 1.07 (0.64, 1.79) | 0.85 (0.73, 1.01) | |
| Hi | 0.62 (0.44, 0.89) | 0.89 (0.74, 1.06) | 0.80 (0.47, 1.37) | 0.79 (0.67, 0.93) | |
| Pre-HTN | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Med | 0.83 (0.53, 1.28) | 0.95 (0.79, 1.14) | 0.97 (0.47, 2.01) | 0.87 (0.73, 1.03) | |
| Hi | 0.65 (0.42, 1.02) | 0.99 (0.82, 1.19) | 0.81 (0.39, 1.69) | 0.77 (0.64, 0.91) | |
| High CRP | Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Med | 0.92 (0.60, 1.41) | 0.91 (0.74, 1.11) | 0.79 (0.51, 1.20) | 0.96 (0.80, 1.15) | |
| Hi | 1.11 (0.74, 1.67) | 0.85 (0.69, 1.03) | 0.62 (0.40, 0.95) | 1.03 (0.86, 1.24) | |
NOTE: urbanization and income categorized by tertiles, with approximately 300 per tertile in the 18–40 year age group and approximately 1,000 per tertile in the ≥40 year age group
*
Unstable estimates due to n<10 in the reference category
Sex- and age (18–40 years; Age ≥40 years)-stratified crude logistic regression models including 3 levels each for urbanicity and income