. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Aug 28.

Published in final edited form as: ACS Nano. 2012 Aug 6;6(8):6546–6561. doi: 10.1021/nn3023969

Table 1.

Protein detection limits using different electrochemical methods described in this paper.

Strategy	Biomarkers	Sample volume, μL	Labels	Detection Limit	Linear range	Ref.
Stripping Voltammetry	IgG	35	AuNPs	3 pM	0.5–100 ng/mL	52
	Cardiactroponin I	50	Ag	0.5 ng/mL	0.8–5 ng/mL	53
	β-microglobulin g	50	ZnS	-	N/A	54
	IgG		CdS	3.3 fmol		-
	BSA		PbS	7.5 fmol		-
	CRP		CuS	-		-
Squarewave Voltammetry	IgG	50	SWCNT-AP	67 aM	50–150 fg/mL	40
Squarewave Voltammetry	IgG	50	Polystryrene-DNA	2 pg/mL	0.1–500 ng/mL	39
Differential pulse Voltammetry	PSA	950	Ab₂-AP	1.4 ng/mL	0–20 ng/mL	37
	T-PSA	NA	Label free	0.25 ng/mL	NA	67
	hIgG	150	AuNP-HRP	260 pg/mL	NA	49
Amperometry	PSA	10	MB-HRP	0.5 pg/mL	0–10 pg/mL	43
	fPSA	20	Ab₂-HRP	< 0.1 ng/mL	0–1 ng/mL	38
	IL-6	10	Biotin-Ab₂-Str-HRP	10 pg/mL	20–4000 pg/mL	46
	MMP-3	10	Polybead-HRP	4 pg/mL	4–300 pg/mL	47
	IL-8	10	Str-MB-HRP	1 fg/mL	1–500 fg/mL	44
	CEA	NA	MB-Au-HRP	10 pg/mL	0.01–160 ng/mL	45
			GHS-HRP	1.5 pg/mL	0.01–200 ng/mL	48
	IL-6	10	MWCNT-HRP-Ab₂	0.5 pg/mL	0.5–5 pg/mL	50
	IL-6 &	5	MWCNT-HRP-Ab₂	8 pg/mL	8–1000 pg/mL	51
	PSA			5 pg/mL	5–4000 pg/mL
	PSA	10	MWCNT-HRP-Ab₂	4 pg/mL	0.4–40 ng/mL	42
CV Amperometry	AFP	NA	Label free	8 pg/mL	0.25–250 ng/mL	65
	IL8 mRNA &			10 aM	0–10 pM	96
	IL-8 &	4		200 fg/mL	NA	-
	IL-1β			100 fg/mL	NA	-
	IL-8 mRNA &	50	Antifluorescein-HRP	3.9 fM	5 fM-50 pM	97
	IL-8		HRP-Ab₂	7.4 pg/mL	10–500 pg/mL	-
	CEA &	NA	HRP-Ab₂	0.2 ng/mL	0–200 ng/mL	98
	CA 15-3 &			5.2 U/mL	0–80 U/mL	-
	PSA			2 ng/mL	0–80 ng/mL	-
	PSA &	5	MB-HRP-Ab₂	0.23 pg/mL	0–20 pg/mL	99
	IL-6			0.3 pg/mL	0–20 pg/mL	-
	IL-6	1	Ab2-Poly-HRP	10 fg/mL	10–1300 fg/mL	100
Electrochemil uminescence	CEA	100	CdTe Qdots	0.01 ng/mL	0.05–200 ng/mL	73
	TNF-α	100	Thiocoline- [Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺	3.4 pg/mL	NA	75
	PSA	20	AuNR-GOx-Ab₂	8 pg/mL	0.01–8 ng/mL	76
	A-fetoprotein	5	Ab₂-AuNP-DNA-Hemin	1 fg/mL	0.01 pg/mL-1ng/mL	77
	PSA	225	[Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺-NHS	1.7 pg/mL	NA	80
	p-53	50	Ab2-[Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺	10 pg/mL	0.01–1000 ng/mL	81
	CRP	20	MB-PSB- [Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺	10 ng/mL	0.01–10 μg/mL	83
	CRP	50	Liposome- [Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺	100 ng/mL	0.1 – 10 μg/mL	84
	AFP	50	Ab2- [Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺	5 pg/mL	0.5 – 8000 ng/mL	82
	PSA	10	Ab2-Si-[Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺	40 pg/mL	0.04 – 5 ng/mL	85
	PSA &	5	Ab2-Si-[Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺	1 pg/mL	0.001–10 ng/mL	86
	IL-6	-	-	0.25 pg/mL	0.0025 – 2 ng/mL	-
	CEA	NA	Au-SiO2-CdSe-CdS	64 fg/mL	0.32 pg/mL- 10 ng/mL	88
	AFP &	2	Ab2-[Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺	0.15 ng/mL	0.5–100 ng/mL	94
	CA-125 &	-	-	0.6 U/mL	1.0 –100 U/mL	-
	CA 199 &	-	-	0.17 U/mL	0.5 –100 U/mL	-
	CEA	-	-	0.5 ng/mL	1.0 –100 ng/mL	-