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Cytokine interactions that influence MTB growth in human macrophages. IL-27 negatively regulates production of IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-18 signaling through expression of the IL-18R. IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-18 interact to positively influence one another as described here. A sliding scale of macrophage activation that is influenced by these cytokine interactions is depicted. Positive (+) and negative (−) regulation are indicated accordingly.
