Table 2.
Predictors of poor outcome (GOSE<5) at 180 days after stroke.
| at 180 days: | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unadjusted | adjusted for NIHSS |
adjusted for infarct volume |
||||
| baseline demographics (n=99) | ||||||
| age (per 10 years) |
1.684 (1.085- 2.614) |
0.020 |
4.304 (1.52- 812.12) |
0.006 |
2.489 (1.269- 4.884) |
0.008 |
| caucasian | 1.286 (0.126- 13.085) |
NS | 0.450 (0.031- 6.598) |
NS | 3.800 (0.082- 175.8) |
NS |
| male | 0.903 (0.326- 2.496) |
NS | 1.219 (0.255- 5.837) |
NS | 0.889 (0.243- 3.252) |
NS |
| HTN | 1.111 (0.409- 3.021) |
NS | 1.046 (0.224- 4.893) |
NS | 1.588 (0.433- 1.301) |
NS |
| DM | 2.778 (0.964- 8.006) |
0.059 | 1.673 (0.319- 8.784) |
NS | 3.470 (0.907- 13.27) |
0.069 |
| CAD | 1.714 (0.587- 5.006) |
NS | 2.290 (0.384- 13.65) |
NS | 3.522 (0.875- 14.17) |
0.076 |
| AF | 0.868 (0.207- 3.636) |
NS | 1.344 (0.122- 14.82) |
NS | 1.172 (0.188- 7.317) |
NS |
| smoker | 2.471 (0.891- 6.850) |
0.082 | 1.837 (0.381- 8.861) |
NS | 2.433 (0.664- 8.916) |
0.180 |
| old stroke on imaging* | 2.050 (0.655- 6.414) |
NS |
60.50 (2.120- 1726) |
0.016 | 4.361 (0.992- 19.16) |
0.051 |
| temperature (per °C) |
3.920 (1.560- 9.855) |
0.004 | 1.423 (0.459- 4.408) |
NS | 2.126 (0.805- 5.619) |
0.128 |
| initial stroke characteristics and treatment (n=99, except for infarct volume, where n=97) | ||||||
| NIHSS (per point) |
1.364 (1.188- 1.567) |
<0.001 | --- | --- | 1.043 (0.956- 1.138) |
NS |
| infarct volume (per 10 cc)* |
1.182 (1.079- 1.295) |
<0.001 | 1.043 (0.956- 1.138) |
NS | --- | --- |
| IV tPA | 1.267 (0.427- 3.754) |
NS | 1.240 (0.249- 6.188) |
NS | 1.496 (0.367- 6.089) |
NS |
| endovascular therapy | 3.630 (0.739- 17.824) |
0.112 | 1.681 (0.177- 15.948) |
NS | 1.874 (0.243- 14.451) |
NS |
| hemicraniectomy |
11.333 (1.187- 108.2) |
0.035 | 1.479 (0.099- 21.99) |
NS | 0.015 (0.000- 1.028) |
0.052 |
| initial laboratory values (highest value by 72 hours; n≥65 for all variables) | ||||||
| WBCs (per thou/mL) |
1.176 (1.034- 1.337) |
0.014 | 0.890 (0.718- 1.103) |
NS | 1.078 (0.916- 1.269) |
NS |
| PMNs (per thou/mL) |
1.438 (1.139- 1.815) |
0.002 | 1.162 (0.809- 1.668) |
NS |
1.321 (1.017- 1.716) |
0.037 |
| lymphs (per thou/mL) | 0.699 (0.261- 1.869) |
NS | 0.986 (0.247- 3.944) |
NS | 0.505 (0.119- 2.152) |
NS |
| monos (per thou/mL) | 15.760 (2.023- 122.7) |
0.008 | 2.736 (0.081- 92.20) |
NS | 8.691 (0.617- 122.4) |
0.109 |
| hsCRP (per 10 mg/L) |
1.236 (1.082- 1.411) |
0.002 | 1.339 (1.158- 1.548) |
NS |
1.161 (1.016- 1.328) |
0.029 |
| IL-6 (per pg/mL) |
1.067 (1.010- 1.126) |
0.020 | 1.038 (0.951- 1.133) |
NS |
1.061 (1.007- 1.119) |
0.026 |
| glucose (per 10 /dL) |
1.090 (1.001- 1.189) |
0.049 | 1.069 (0.925- 1.235) |
NS | 1.085 (0.979- 1.202) |
0.119 |
|
CX3CL1 (per 100 - pg/mL) |
0.894 (0.272- 1.100) |
NS | 1.037 (0.814- 1.322) |
NS | 1.011 (0.814- 1.257) |
NS |
|
VCAM-1 (per 100
pg/mL) |
0.820 (0.681- 0.987) |
0.036 | 0.830 (0.585- 1.178) |
NS | 0.905 (0.733- 1.118) |
NS |
|
ICAM-1 (per 100
pg/mL) |
1.034 (0.625- 1.711) |
NS | 0.723 (0.343- 1.524) |
NS | 0.998 (0.521- 1.912) |
NS |
| medical complications (n=99) | ||||||
| any infection |
9.200 (2.785- 30.39) |
<0.001 | 3.277 (0.553- 19.42) |
0.191 |
9.840 (2.149- 45.04) |
0.003 |
| stroke etiology (n=99) | ||||||
| lacunar | NC | --- | NC | --- | NC | --- |
| cardioembolic | 1.096 (0.331- 3.635) |
NS | 1.298 (0.187- 9.025) |
NS | 1.320 (0.281- 6.208) |
NS |
|
large vessel
atherosclerosis |
5.371 (1.513- 19.06) |
0.009 | 4.539 (0.641- 32.16) |
0.130 |
6.090 (1.280- 28.97) |
0.023 |
| other | 0.606 (0.191- 1.919) |
NS | 0.406 (0.073- 2.258) |
NS | 0.487 (0.112- 2.116) |
NS |
| unknown | 0.603 (0.174- 2.094) |
NS | 0.587 (0.087- 3.949) |
NS | 0.454 (1.081- 1.300) |
NS |
GOSE=Glasgow Outcome Scale - extended, OR=odds ratio, CI=confidence interval; HTN=hypertension, DM=diabetes mellitus, CAD=coronary artery disease, AF=atrial fibrillation, IV tPA=intravenous tissue plasminogen activator, WBCs=white blood cells, PMNs=polymorphonuclear cells, lymphs=lymphocytes, monos=monocytes, hsCRP=high sensitivity C reactive protein, IL=interleukin. CX3CL1=fractalkine, VCAM=vascular cell adhesion molecule, ICAM=intercellular adhesion molecule.
*
there were 2 patients who did not have an admission MRI; information regarding infarct volume and old strokes was therefore not available. NS=not significant (P>0.200), NC=not calculable