Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics
| Variable | Healthy adolescents (N = 25) | Adolescents with bipolar I disorder (N = 35) |
|---|---|---|
| Age*, M (SD) | 14.88 (1.42) | 15.74 (1.50) |
| Tanner stage, M (SD) | 3.19 (0.56) | 3.25 (0.43) |
| Full-scale IQ*, M (SD) | 112.32 (10.65) | 106.55 (9.81) |
| Sex, (%) Male | 40% | 46% |
| Race, N (%) | ||
| Asian | 4, 16% | 0, 0% |
| Black (non-Hispanic) | 1, 4% | 1, 3% |
| Hispanic | 3, 12% | 2, 6% |
| Pacific islander | 0, 0% | 1, 3% |
| White (non-Hispanic) | 12, 48% | 21, 60% |
| Mixed race | 3, 12% | 7, 20% |
| Lifetime medication exposure (N, M longest exposure in weeks) | ||
| Any* | 0, 0 | 27, 12.37 |
| Atypical antipsychotics* | 0, 0 | 23, 3.64 |
| Lithium* | 0, 0 | 18, 2.28 |
| Anti-depressants* | 0, 0 | 13, 3.63 |
| ADHD medications | 0, 0 | 10, 4.82 |
| Anxiolytics | 0, 0 | 4, 0.11 |
| YMRS*, M (SD) | 0.17 (0.48) | 18.81 (7.06) |
| CDRS-R*, M (SD) | 17.75 (1.26) | 45.88 (13.61) |
| MASC, M (SD) | ||
| Physical* | 3.42 (3.42) | 11.07 (8.48) |
| Harm avoidance* | 14.54 (4.03) | 11.07 (5.70) |
| Social anxiety | 6.54 (4.47) | 9.38 (7.49) |
| Separation anxiety | 3.50 (2.48) | 4.36 (4.46) |
| Mood state*, (N, %) | ||
| Euthymic | 25, 100% | 3, 9% |
| Manic | 0, 0% | 8, 23% |
| Depressed | 0, 0% | 12, 34% |
| Mixed mood state | 0, 0% | 12, 34% |
| Comorbid diagnoses, (N, %) | ||
| ADHD* | 0, 0% | 15, 43% |
| Any anxiety disorder* | 0, 0% | 5, 14% |
| ODD | 0, 0% | 2, 6% |
| Conduct disorder | 0, 0% | 1, 3% |
ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; BD, adolescents with bipolar I disorder; CDRS-R, Children’s Depression Rating Scale-Revised; HC, healthy comparison group; IQ, intelligence quotient; MASC, Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children; ODD, oppositional defiant disorder; SD, standard deviation; SES, socioeconomic status; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale.
*
Significant p < .05.