Table 2.

Galectin-9 in airway disease

Disease	Function	References
Asthma
g	Galectin-9 levels increased in an allergic AHR model and correlated with eosinophil counts	92
m	Galectin-9 levels increased in an allergic AHR model and correlated with eosinophil counts	61
g	Galectin-9 administration attenuated allergic inflammation by binding IgE and reducing mast cell degranulation	69
m	Galectin-9 administration attenuated AHR and allergic inflammation binding to CD44, which reduced T cell migration	67
Lung cancer
m	Galectin-9 administration reduced tumor cell migration	68
m	Galectin-9 administration prolonged survival in a lung cancer model by induction of macrophage differentiation into dendritic-like cells that promote activation of natural killing cells	95
Acute lung injury
m	Galectin-9 administration ameliorated acute lung injury expanding regulatory macrophages	94
Tuberculosis
m/h	TIM-3 interacted with galectin-9 on macrophages to restrict intracellular bacterial growth	12
Cystic fibrosis
h	Constitutive upregulation in bronchial epithelial cells induced IL-8 production	91
Pneumonia
m	Galectin-9 intraperitoneal administration reduced IL-17 production and reduced bacterial clearance	89
h	Galectin-9 levels correlated with eosinophil counts in acute and chronic eosinophilic pneumonia	93
Sarcoidosis
h	Galectin-9 levels not altered in Th cells	77
Influenza
m	Galectin-9 knockout mice mounted a higher response to influenza A virus infection	90

Abbreviations: AHR, airway hyperresponsiveness; g, guinea pig; h, human; Ig, immunoglobulin; IL, interleukin; m, mouse; Th, T-helper.