Table 5.

Summary of challenges for Area 4

Data and knowledge integration at the nano level, different to what has been already done between clinical and –omics data at larger scales. The structural nature of nanomaterials and the unknown effects of many nanoparticles must be investigated independently of ontological analyses Imaging. A key issue is to create new contrast agents to target specific organs, functions, or cell types and new imaging methods that are based on nanotechnogical advances