Table 1.

Brain areas with high expression level of TGF-βs.

Type of TGF-β	Brain Regions
TGF-β1	hippocampus; amygdala, central nucleus; hypothalamus, preoptic and paraventricular nuclei; midbrain; pons and medulla oblongata, reticular formation, motor nuclei, superior olive, area postrema; choroid plexus
TGF-β2	cerebral cortex, layer V; dentate gyrus; thalamus, parafascicular and midline nuclei; hypothalamus, posterior part and mamillary body; midbrain, raphe nuclei; pons and medulla oblongata, reticular formation, motor nuclei, superior olive, area postrema; cerebellar cortex, Purkinje cell layer; choroid plexus
TGF-β3	cerebral cortex, layers IV,VI; dentate gyrus; amygdala, basal nucleus; thalamus, anterior, ventral, midline and reticular nuclei; hypothalamus, arcuate and supramamillary nuclei; midbrain, superior colliculus; pons and medulla oblongata, reticular formation, motor nuclei, superior and inferior olive, area postrema