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. 2012 Jul 13;13(7):8696–8721. doi: 10.3390/ijms13078696

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© 2012 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

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Hypothetical retrograde signals from mitochondria involved in cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS)/restoration of fertility systems. (a) Retrograde signals from CMS mitochondria, which are enhanced by CMS-associated gene products, disturb the expression of a certain nuclear-encoded gene essential for pollen development. Such imbalance leads male sterility. (b) A PPR-type RF protein is imported into mitochondria and suppresses the expression of the CMS-associated gene and recovers the mitochondrial state to normal, which reduces the retrograde signals and restores the expression of a nuclear-encoded gene essential for pollen development. (c) Non-PPR type RF protein is imported into mitochondria and functions to improve the mitochondrial metabolic state. Although the CMS associated gene products still exist in mitochondria, retrograde signals and fertility are restored.