Table 1.

Examples of inflammation induced quantitative and qualitative changes in LVs.

Model/Condition	Quantitative measure	Qualitative change	Ref.
Psoriasis (H)	2–6 fold increased LVD and ~2 fold increased Ki-67 index	N/A	[54]
Inflammatory bowel disease (H)	~2–3 fold increase in LVD	N/A	[56]
Irradiated skin (H)	18% increase in total LVD and 44% increase in vessels <10 µm in diameter	N/A	[59]
Kidney transplant rejection (H)	>50 fold increased LVD in grafts undergoing rejection	N/A	[61]
Breast cancer (H)	LVD was 12 fold higher in tumors compared to benign lesions	N/A	[67]
UVB irradiation of skin (m)	2–3 fold increased LV area and size but no increase in LV number	Hyperplastic vessels associated with increased macrophage infiltration	[63]
LPS induced peritonitis (m)	~2–4 fold increased LVD in diaphragm; 2.4 fold more proliferating LECs; 17 fold more vessel sprouts	LVs were enlarged and LV network patterning was atypical; increase in randomly oriented branching; new LVs were dysfunctional	[64]
TG stimulated peritonitis (m)	1.9 fold increased LVD in diaphragm	N/A	[68]
Chronic airway inflammation (m)	LVD and LV sprouts increased many folds (roughly 10 fold) in trachea	N/A	[65]
Chronic airway inflammation (m)	LVD increased >10 fold in trachea	VE-cadherin LEC junctions are remodeled, intermittent buttons give way to continuous zippers	[66]

LV, lymphatic vessels; (H), human; LVD, lymphatic vessel density; (m), mouse; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; TG, thioglycolate.