Figure 2.

A summary of the crucial parameters that impact a microbial ecosystem. These parameters determine the ecosystem’s ability to convert an energy source into biomass and waste, and are prime targets for engineering and optimization. Metabolic capabilities are distributed across different members as defined by metabolotypes (shaded and colored ovals). Metabolic exchange can occur via metabolite transport across cellular membranes or through intercellular bridges. Community structure can be tuned by adjusting the degree of aggregation and formation of extracellular structures such as biofilms. Horizontal gene transfer enables genomic innovation and the rise of new capabilities within the population.