Hollow microneedle designs, including a) pyramid shaped saw tooth style, b) citadel style microneedles with side openings, and c) tapered hollow cylinders depicting (A) straight wall, (B) beveled, (C) tapered and (D) an array of tapered microneedles. Reproduced a) with permission from Fig. 2 in [28] (©2009 Elsevier), b) with permission from Debiotech SA/Switzerland, c) with permission from Fig. 2 in [22] (©2003 National Academy of Sciences, USA).