Table 2.
Mean and standard deviation (SD) of psychological scales in the 31-year followup (in 1997) for those with self-report or previous hospitalisation due to depression, other psychiatric disorders, and for those without psychiatric disorders.
| (A) Depression until 1997 | (B) Other psychiatric disorders | (C) No psychiatric disorders | Effect sizes (Cohen's d) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| until 1997 | until 1997 | (A) versus (B) | (A) versus (C) | (B) versus (C) | ||||||||
| N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | F (d) | F (d) | F (d) | |
| Psychopathology scales: | ||||||||||||
| Physical Anhedonia Scale (PAS) | 202 | 14.68 | 8.19 | 149 | 16.34 | 7.86 | 4572 | 15.02 | 6.97 | 0.74 (−0.21) | 0.49 (−0.05) | 5.24∗ (0.19) |
| Social Anhedonia Scale (SAS) | 200 | 11.60 | 6.78 | 146 | 11.99 | 6.75 | 4569 | 9.33 | 5.43 | 0.00 (−0.06) | 48.43∗∗∗ (0.41) | 31.54∗∗∗ (0.49) |
| Perceptual Aberration Scale (PER) | 202 | 5.09 | 5.64 | 147 | 4.29 | 5.85 | 4568 | 2.24 | 3.04 | 3.86 (0.14) | 149.00∗∗∗ (0.90) | 34.05∗∗∗ (0.65) |
| Hypomanic Personality Scale (HPS) | 201 | 15.11 | 7.44 | 147 | 15.07 | 8.78 | 4571 | 11.07 | 6.92 | 0.26 (0.01) | 60.89∗∗∗ (0.58) | 29.44∗∗∗ (0.57) |
| Bipolar II Scale (BIP2) | 202 | 12.99 | 4.46 | 148 | 12.91 | 4.39 | 4577 | 10.47 | 3.73 | 0.57 (0.02) | 88.75∗∗∗ (0.67) | 42.63∗∗∗ (0.65) |
| Schizoidia Scale (SCHD) | 202 | 3.51 | 1.61 | 147 | 3.31 | 1.56 | 4578 | 2.51 | 1.39 | 1.21 (0.13) | 89.90∗∗∗ (0.72) | 39.89∗∗∗ (0.57) |
| SCL-Depression (SCL-D) | 202 | 1.78 | 0.58 | 144 | 1.66 | 0.56 | 4571 | 1.33 | 0.33 | 4.54∗ (0.20) | 310.90∗∗∗ (1.29) | 92.19∗∗∗ (0.97) |
| Temperament dimensions: | ||||||||||||
| novelty seeking (TCI-NS) | 200 | 21.29 | 5.82 | 145 | 21.84 | 6.13 | 4534 | 20.34 | 5.86 | 0.83 (−0.09) | 3.62 (0.16) | 6.91∗∗ (0.26) |
| harm avoidance (TCI-HA) | 200 | 18.09 | 7.36 | 145 | 17.21 | 6.64 | 4534 | 13.82 | 6.00 | 0.94 (0.12) | 86.49∗∗∗ (0.70) | 42.03∗∗∗ (0.56) |
| reward dependence (TCI-RD) | 200 | 14.95 | 3.95 | 145 | 14.30 | 3.89 | 4534 | 14.74 | 3.78 | 0.23 (0.16) | 0.31 (0.05) | 1.40 (−0.12) |
| persistence (TCI-P) | 200 | 4.28 | 1.86 | 145 | 4.09 | 1.89 | 4534 | 4.31 | 1.74 | 0.66 (0.10) | 0.02 (−0.02) | 2.76 (−0.12) |
TCI: Temperament and Character Inventory. Mean values in categories are compared using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with diagnostic group and gender as independent variables. Statistical significant effect sizes are marked with asterisks as follows: ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ P < 0.001.