Table 3.
Mean and standard deviation (SD) of psychological scales in the 31-year followup (in 1997) for those with hospitalisation of depression or other psychiatric disorders and for those without hospitalization due to psychiatric disorders in 1998–2010.
| (A) Depression in 1998–2010 | (B) Other psychiatric disorders | (C) No psychiatric disorders | Effect sizes (Cohen's d) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| in 1998–2010 | until 2010 | (A) versus (B) | (A) versus (C) | (B) versus (C) | ||||||||
| N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | F (d) | F (d) | F (d) | |
| Psychopathology scales: | ||||||||||||
| Physical Anhedonia Scale (PAS) | 51 | 15.88 | 6.08 | 57 | 18.07 | 7.24 | 4464 | 14.97 | 6.97 | 1.77 (−0.33) | 0.43 (0.13) | 6.16∗ (0.44) |
| Social Anhedonia Scale (SAS) | 51 | 11.69 | 5.82 | 57 | 11.98 | 6.78 | 4461 | 9.27 | 5.39 | 0.00 (−0.05) | 9.37∗∗ (0.45) | 9.75∗∗ (0.50) |
| Perceptual Aberration Scale (PER) | 51 | 2.96 | 2.75 | 57 | 2.95 | 3.45 | 4460 | 2.22 | 3.04 | 0.04 (0.00) | 3.30 (0.24) | 4.12∗ (0.24) |
| Hypomanic Personality Scale (HPS) | 51 | 12.37 | 6.65 | 57 | 12.32 | 8.19 | 4463 | 11.04 | 6.91 | 0.00 (0.01) | 2.10 (0.19) | 2.62 (0.18) |
| Bipolar II Scale (BIP2) | 51 | 12.37 | 3.56 | 57 | 11.68 | 4.50 | 4469 | 10.44 | 3.71 | 0.81 (0.17) | 13.49∗∗∗ (0.52) | 5.75∗ (0.33) |
| Schizoidia Scale (SCHD) | 51 | 3.14 | 1.66 | 57 | 2.65 | 1.62 | 4470 | 2.50 | 1.38 | 1.97 (0.30) | 12.09∗∗∗ (0.46) | 1.77 (0.11) |
| SCL-Depression (SCL-D) | 51 | 1.49 | 0.46 | 55 | 1.45 | 0.41 | 4465 | 1.33 | 0.33 | 2.38 (0.09) | 12.46∗∗∗ (0.48) | 9.22∗∗ (0.36) |
| Temperament dimensions: | ||||||||||||
| novelty seeking (TCI-NS) | 51 | 19.78 | 6.20 | 57 | 21.68 | 5.75 | 4426 | 20.33 | 5.86 | 3.30 (−0.32) | 0.33 (−0.09) | 4.08∗ (0.23) |
| harm avoidance (TCI-HA) | 51 | 16.96 | 6.28 | 57 | 15.02 | 7.68 | 4426 | 13.77 | 5.96 | 1.44 (0.28) | 16.11∗∗∗ (0.54) | 4.29∗ (0.21) |
| reward dependence (TCI-RD) | 51 | 14.24 | 3.99 | 57 | 13.68 | 3.51 | 4426 | 14.76 | 3.78 | 0.22 (0.15) | 0.52 (−0.14) | 1.46 (−0.29) |
| persistence (TCI-P) | 51 | 4.53 | 1.76 | 57 | 4.07 | 1.93 | 4426 | 4.31 | 1.73 | 1.86 (0.25) | 0.65 (0.13) | 1.91 (−0.14) |
TCI: Temperament and Character Inventory. Mean values in categories are compared to using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with diagnostic group and gender as independent variables. Statistical significant effect sizes are marked with asterisks as follows: *P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ P < 0.001.