Table 2.

Observational studies of n-3 LCPUFAs in CVD.

Study	Subjects	Followup	Results
Physicians' Health Study Albert et al. [7]	20551 healthy men	11 years	Fish intake on RR of SCD: 1/week = 0.48 Fish intake not associated with MI, non-SCD, and total cardiovascular mortality
Framingham Study Shen et al. [16]	4526 healthy	4 years	RR of AF in quartiles of fish intake: Q1 = 1, Q2 = 1.11, Q3 = 0.92, Q4 = 1.18
Women's Health Initiative Berry et al. [17]	44720 healthy postmenopausal women	6 years	RR of AF in quartiles of fish intake: Q1 = 1, Q2 = 1.3, Q3 = 1.23, Q4 = 1.17
Rotterdam Study Brouwer et al. [18]	5184 subjects	6.4 years	RR of AF in tertiles of fish intake: T1 = 1, T2 = 1.22, T3 = 1.18
Cardiovascular Health Study Mozaffarian et al. [38]	4815 healthy elderly	12 years	Fish intake on HR of HF 1–4/week = 0.8–0.69 5+/week = 0.68 fish intake on RR of AF: 1–4/week = 0.72 5+/week = 0.69
Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk Yamagishi et al. [36]	57972 healthy	12.7 years	HR of death from HF in quintiles of fish intake Q1 = 1, Q2 = 0.69, Q3 = 0.56, Q4 = 0.60, Q5 = 0.58
Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study Virtanen et al. [39]	2174 healthy men	17.7 years	↑ serum DHA associated with ↓ AF RR = 0.62 highest versus lowest quartile

RR: relative risk, SCD: sudden cardiac death, MI: myocardial infarction, AF: atrial fibrillation, HR: hazard ratio, HF: heart failure, DHA: docosahexaenoic acid.