Table 1.
Airway smooth muscle production of chemotactic mediators and adhesion molecules
| Factors | Spontaneous | After stimulation | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chemokines | |||
| CCL2 (MCP-1) | − | + (IL-1β, TNF-α) | (146, 147) |
| CCL5 (RANTES) | − | + (IL-1β, TNF-α) | (147–149) |
| CCL11 (Eotaxin) | + | + (IL-1β, TNF-α) | (78, 150, 151) |
| CCL19 (MIP-3β) | + | (95) | |
| CXCL8 (IL-8) | − | + (IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α) | (78, 146, 152) |
| CXCL9 (Mig) | − | + (IFN-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α) | (78) |
| CXCL10 (IP-10) | − | + (IFN-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α) | (78) |
| CXCL12 (SDF-1α) | − | + (IFN-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α) | (78) |
| CX3CL1 (Fractalkine) | − | + (TNF-α) | (80) |
| Cytokines | |||
| SCF | + | (153) | |
| TGF-β1 | + | + (Angiotensin II) | (154) |
| IFN-γ | + | + (AS) | (155) |
| GM-CSF | + | + (AS, IL-1β, TNF-α) | (155–157) |
| L-2 | + | + (AS) | (155) |
| IL-5 | + | + (AS) | (155) |
| IL-6 | − | + (IL-1, TGF-β, TNF-α) | (149, 158) |
| IL-11 | − | + (IL-1, TGF-β, virus) | (158) |
| IL-12 | + | + (AS) | (155) |
| IL-33 | + | + (IFN-γ, TNF-α | (159) |
| Adhesion and co-stimulatory molecules | |||
| CD11a | + | (100) | |
| CD40 | + | + (TNF-α, IFN-γ) | (103) |
| CD40L | + | (103) | |
| CD44 | + | (99) | |
| CD80, CD86 | + | (100) | |
| ICAM-1 | + | + (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-5, AS) | (99, 160, 161) |
| VCAM-1 | + | + (TNF-α, IL-1β) | (99, 160) |
Abbreviations: AS: asthmatic serum, GM-CSF: Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, ICAM: intercellular adhesion molecule, IL: interleukin, IFN: interferon, SCF: stem cell factor, TGF: transforming growth factor, TNF: tumor necrosis factor, VCAM: vascular cell adhesion molecule.