Table 9.
Nonskeletal risk factors for fracture risk by race/ethnicity from the Women's Health Initiative and other studies
| Risk factor | NHWs | NHBs | Hispanic- Americans | Asian- Americans | Native Americans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical risk factors | |||||
| Low body weight/BMI | ± | ± | ± | ± | ± |
| Low BMI | |||||
| OR = 13.5 (4.2, 43.3) | |||||
| Increased height | ↑ | − | ↑ | ± | − |
| HR = 1.14 (1.10, 1.18) | HR = 1.56 (1.11, 2.17) | HR = 1.46 (0.85, 2.52) | |||
| Previous fracture | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
| HR = 1.55 (1.49, 1.61) | HR = 1.74 (1.38, 2.20) | HR = 1.86 (1.39, 2.50) | HR = 1.50 (1.10, 2.05) | HR = 2.89 (1.47, 5.66) | |
| Parental fracture history | ↑ | ± | ↑ | ± | ± |
| HR = 1.18 (1.15, 1.22) | HR = 1.14 (0.96, 1.36) | HR = 1.28 (1.04, 1.58) | HR = 1.21 (0.96, 1.53) | HR = 1.58 (0.94, 2.67) | |
| Corticosteroid use | ↑ | ± | ↑ | − | ± |
| HR = 1.43 (1.22, 1.68) | HR = 1.54 (0.82, 2.90) | HR = 3.88 (1.89, 7.99) | HR = 0.73 (0.10, 5.27) | HR = 2.75 (0.26, 28.9) | |
| Current hormone therapy use | − | ± | − | ↓ | ↓ |
| OR = 0.1 (<0.1, 0.5) | HR = 0.7 (0.5, 0.8) | HR = 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) | |||
| Parity (>5 pregnancies) | − | − | − | ↑ | − |
| HR = 1.8 (1.1, 3.0) | |||||
| Nonclinical risk factors | |||||
| Sociodemographic factors | |||||
| Age | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
| Education (at least high school) | − | ↑ | |||
| HR = 1.22 (1.0, 1.5) | − | − | − | ||
| Health behaviors | |||||
| Smoking | − | − | − | − | − |
| Alcohol use | − | ± | − | − | − |
| History of at least two falls | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | − |
| HR = 1.27 (1.22, 2.32) | HR = 1.7 (1.9, 2.0) | HR = 1.8 (1.4, 2.3) | HR = 1.4 (1.1, 1.9) | HR = 1.38 (0.75, 2.55) |
Data on risk are indicated where available. Data in parentheses represent 95% CI.
±
, Data inconsistent regarding risk;
−
, no association with fracture risk;
↑
, associated with increased fracture risk;
↓
, associated with decreased fracture risk.