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. 2012 Aug 23;13(8):10608–10629. doi: 10.3390/ijms130810608

Table 1.

Summary of recent antioxidant compounds exhibiting neuroprotection in experimental models of PD.

Compound Model Effective dose Antioxidant activity Ref.
Curcumin MPTP mouse model Dietary supplementation Increase in GSH levels and protected against peroxynitrite-mediated inhibition of brain mitochondrial complex I. [57]
A53T SNCA-induced toxicity in PC12 cells 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 μM Decrease in oxidative stress and apoptosis [58]

Quercetin 6-OHDA-induced toxicity to PC12 cell 25, 50 and 100 μM Suppression of oxidative stress. [54]
6-OHDA-induced toxicity to zebrafish 6 and 12 μM Protect against 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis. Decrease in dopaminergic neuron loss. [65]

Coenzyme Q10 Acute MPTP model 1600 mg/kg/day Protection against dopamine loss. [75]
Chronic MPTP model 1600 mg/kg/day, via diet Increase in CoQ10 plasma concentration

Creatine with CoQ10 MPTP mouse model 2% Creatine & 1% CoQ10 in diet Reduced lipid peroxidation and alpha-synuclein accumulation. [77]

Resveratrol 6-OHDA model 20 mg/kg per day Decrease in ROS. Increase in antioxidant capability of nigral tissues. [82]

Luteolin ROS insult to neural cells 5, 10, and 20 μM Decrease in ROS production and increase the activities of catalase and glutathione. [85]

Idebenone HtrA2 knockout mice 500 mg/kg body weight/day orally Extends lifespan and improves motor symptoms. Regulation of apoptotic pathway [93]

AETO SH-SY5Y cells 0.4, 2, and 10 μM Suppression of ROS & DA-induced apoptosis [94]

S-allylcysteine MPTP mouse Model 125 mg/kg; i.p. Blocks lipid peroxidation and reduction of superoxide production [95]

Ebselen & Diphenyl diselenide 6-OHDA-induced toxicity to SH-SY5Y cell 3 μM each Peroxyl radical scavenging. Increase the GPx activity and SOD activity. [96]

Deprenyl MPP+ treated PC12 cells 10, 20, 50 and 100 μM Nrf2/ARE pathway [104]

SCM198 6-OHDA-induced toxicity to SH-SY5Y cells 0.1, 1, and 10 mM Increase in SOD activity. Suppression of apoptosis [109]

Phenothiazine MPP+ and rotenone toxicity to C. elegans 500 nM Increase free radical scavenging effects [112]

dl-3n-Butylphthalide MPP+ treated PC12 cells 0.1, 1.0 and 10 μM Reducing oxidative stress & increasing cellular GSH content [115]

SUN N8075 MPTP mouse model 10 and 30 mg/kg i.p Inhibited lipid peroxidation and H2O2-induced ROS. [118]

N-acetyl-l-cysteine Transgenic mice overexpressing α-synuclein Drinking water supplemented with 40 mM Increase of GSH levels in SN. [120]

CDDO-methyl amide MPTP and 3-nitropropionic acid induced neurotoxicity 800 mg/kg of diet Nrf2/ARE pathway [77]

NP7 Parkin null mice 5–10 μM Inhibits H2O2-induced apoptosis [123]

Bromocriptine H2O2-treated PC12 cells 5 μM Increase activity of NQO1 and Nrf2 signaling [127]