Curcumin |
MPTP mouse model |
Dietary supplementation |
Increase in GSH levels and protected against peroxynitrite-mediated inhibition of brain mitochondrial complex I. |
[57] |
|
A53T SNCA-induced toxicity in PC12 cells |
0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 μM |
Decrease in oxidative stress and apoptosis |
[58] |
|
Quercetin |
6-OHDA-induced toxicity to PC12 cell |
25, 50 and 100 μM |
Suppression of oxidative stress. |
[54] |
|
6-OHDA-induced toxicity to zebrafish |
6 and 12 μM |
Protect against 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis. Decrease in dopaminergic neuron loss. |
[65] |
|
Coenzyme Q10 |
Acute MPTP model |
1600 mg/kg/day |
Protection against dopamine loss. |
[75] |
|
Chronic MPTP model |
1600 mg/kg/day, via diet |
Increase in CoQ10 plasma concentration |
|
|
Creatine with CoQ10 |
MPTP mouse model |
2% Creatine & 1% CoQ10 in diet |
Reduced lipid peroxidation and alpha-synuclein accumulation. |
[77] |
|
Resveratrol |
6-OHDA model |
20 mg/kg per day |
Decrease in ROS. Increase in antioxidant capability of nigral tissues. |
[82] |
|
Luteolin |
ROS insult to neural cells |
5, 10, and 20 μM |
Decrease in ROS production and increase the activities of catalase and glutathione. |
[85] |
|
Idebenone |
HtrA2 knockout mice |
500 mg/kg body weight/day orally |
Extends lifespan and improves motor symptoms. Regulation of apoptotic pathway |
[93] |
|
AETO |
SH-SY5Y cells |
0.4, 2, and 10 μM |
Suppression of ROS & DA-induced apoptosis |
[94] |
|
S-allylcysteine |
MPTP mouse Model |
125 mg/kg; i.p. |
Blocks lipid peroxidation and reduction of superoxide production |
[95] |
|
Ebselen & Diphenyl diselenide |
6-OHDA-induced toxicity to SH-SY5Y cell |
3 μM each |
Peroxyl radical scavenging. Increase the GPx activity and SOD activity. |
[96] |
|
Deprenyl |
MPP+ treated PC12 cells |
10, 20, 50 and 100 μM |
Nrf2/ARE pathway |
[104] |
|
SCM198 |
6-OHDA-induced toxicity to SH-SY5Y cells |
0.1, 1, and 10 mM |
Increase in SOD activity. Suppression of apoptosis |
[109] |
|
Phenothiazine |
MPP+ and rotenone toxicity to C. elegans
|
500 nM |
Increase free radical scavenging effects |
[112] |
|
dl-3n-Butylphthalide |
MPP+ treated PC12 cells |
0.1, 1.0 and 10 μM |
Reducing oxidative stress & increasing cellular GSH content |
[115] |
|
SUN N8075 |
MPTP mouse model |
10 and 30 mg/kg i.p |
Inhibited lipid peroxidation and H2O2-induced ROS. |
[118] |
|
N-acetyl-l-cysteine |
Transgenic mice overexpressing α-synuclein |
Drinking water supplemented with 40 mM |
Increase of GSH levels in SN. |
[120] |
|
CDDO-methyl amide |
MPTP and 3-nitropropionic acid induced neurotoxicity |
800 mg/kg of diet |
Nrf2/ARE pathway |
[77] |
|
NP7 |
Parkin null mice |
5–10 μM |
Inhibits H2O2-induced apoptosis |
[123] |
|
Bromocriptine |
H2O2-treated PC12 cells |
5 μM |
Increase activity of NQO1 and Nrf2 signaling |
[127] |