Table 2.
Psychiatric Correlates of Male and Female Adults With and Without a Lifetime History of Abstaining Behavior.
| Psychiatric Disorder | Male Abstainers (N = 1,038) | Female Abstainers (N = 3,742) | Male Non-Abstainers (N = 17,480) | Female Non-Abstainers (N = 20,833) |
Male Abstainers AOR (95% CI) |
Female Abstainers AOR (95% CI) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | (95% CIa) | % | (95% CIa) | % | (95% CI) | % | (95% CI) | |||
| Mood disorders | ||||||||||
| Major depressive Disorder | 2.86 (1.83–4.43) | 7.30 (6.00–8.85) | 12.31 (11.68–12.97) | 23.11 (22.09–24.16) | 0.40 (0.27–0.60) | 0.47 (0.39–0.57) | ||||
| Bipolar disorder | 1.41 (0.74–2.70) | 1.43 (0.99–2.07) | 5.87 (5.45–6.34) | 6.32 (5.83–6.83) | 0.54 (0.28–1.06) | 0.56 (0.38–0.83) | ||||
| Dysthymia | 0.90 (0.38–2.15) | 1.75 (1.29–2.36) | 3.13 (2.81–3.48) | 6.09 (5.66–6.56) | 1.10 (0.50–2.41) | 0.76 (0.54–1.06) | ||||
| Anxiety disorders | ||||||||||
| Panic disorder | 0.55 (0.22–1.34) | 2.19 (1.60–2.99) | 2.72 (2.43–3.05) | 5.78 (5.34–6.26) | 0.46 (0.18–1.17) | 0.77 (0.55–1.08) | ||||
| Social phobia | 1.21(0.54–2.70) | 2.67 (1.98–3.59) | 4.37 (3.94–4.84) | 6.17 (5.66–6.72) | 0.78 (0.34–1.81) | 1.09 (0.79–1.49) | ||||
| Specific phobia | 1.52 (0.84–2.72) | 5.61 (4.59–6.84) | 6.42 (5.89–7.01) | 13.45 (12.64–14.31) | 0.41 (0.23–0.72) | 0.60 (0.49–0.75) | ||||
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 0.73 (0.26–2.04) | 1.67 (1.20–2.33) | 2.94 (2.58–3.33) | 5.95 (5.46–6.48) | 0.93 (0.33–2.62) | 0.80 (0.57–1.13) | ||||
| Psychotic disorder | 0.24 (0.04–1.26) | 0.22 (0.09–0.53) | 0.85 (0.68–1.06) | 0.89 (0.75–1.05) | 0.53 (0.09–3.07) | 0.53 (0.22–1.32) | ||||
| Substance use disorders | ||||||||||
| Alcohol use Disorder | 0.00 | 0.00 | 44.32 (42.37–46.29) | 22.71 (21.44–24.03) | * | * | ||||
| Illicit drug use disorder | 0.00 | 0.00 | 7.32 (6.74–7.95) | 4.35 (3.94–4.80) | * | * | ||||
| Marijuana Use disorder | 0.00 | 0.00 | 12.44 (11.65–13.27) | 6.28 (5.76–6.84) | * | * | ||||
| Pathological Gambling | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.67 (0.54–0.84) | 0.26 (0.20–0.35) | * | * | ||||
| Family history of antisocial Behavior | 7.52 (5.76–9.76) | 10.18 (8.80–11.76) | 22.03 (20.87–23.24) | 26.43 (25.26–27.64) | 0.44 (0.33–0.58) | 0.50 (0.43–0.58) | ||||
| Personality Disorders | ||||||||||
| Antisocial PD | * | 1.89 (1.69–2.12) | 5.84 (5.33–6.38) | 2.20 (1.96–2.47) | * | * | ||||
| Avoidant PD | 0.39 (0.08–1.82) | 1.08 (0.76–1.53) | 2.00 (1.73–2.30) | 3.04 (2.70–3.41) | 0.74 (0.14–3.80) | 1.35 (0.86–2.14) | ||||
| Obsessive-Compulsive PD | 2.07 (1.27–3.35) | 3.22 (2.47–4.20) | 8.19 (7.63–8.79) | 8.65 (8.08–9.26) | 0.53 (0.31–0.89) | 0.79 (0.57–1.09) | ||||
| Paranoid PD | 0.35 (0.17–0.75) | 1.46 (1.04–2.04) | 4.02 (3.62–4.46) | 5.53 (5.09–6.00) | 0.27 (0.12–0.59) | 0.54 (0.36–0.81) | ||||
| Schizoid PD | 0.27 (0.10–0.77) | 0.97 (0.64–1.46) | 3.35 (3.00–3.73) | 3.42 (3.11–3.76) | 0.19 (0.07–0.56) | 0.75 (0.48–1.17) | ||||
| Histrionic PD | 0.33 (0.09–1.14) | 0.28 (0.14–0.56) | 1.97 (1.72–2.27) | 2.05 (1.82–2.30) | 0.58 (0.16–2.10) | 0.42 (0.20–0.87) | ||||
Note:
a
CI: confidence interval,
b
OR: odds ratio adjusted for sociodemographic variables, lifetime psychiatric disorders, and a family history of antisocial behavior.
OR values in bold are statistically significant.