Table 2. Areas of significant brain activations in the grammaticality judgment task.
Regions activated | L/R | BA | MNI Coordinates | T | ||
x | y | z | score | |||
Explicit learners | ||||||
Middle frontal gyrus | L | 9 | −52 | 30 | 32 | 5.43 |
L | 10 | −38 | 58 | 14 | 5.18 | |
L | 46 | −28 | 52 | 0 | 3.99 | |
R | 9 | 48 | 38 | 32 | 7.35 | |
R | 10 | 28 | 54 | −8 | 7.1 | |
Precentral gyrus | L | 6 | −46 | 0 | 34 | 5.47 |
Supplementary motor area | R | 6 | 4 | 22 | 48 | 7.94 |
Insula | L | – | −32 | 24 | −4 | 5.48 |
Superior parietal lobule | L | 7 | −28 | −72 | 50 | 9.3 |
Inferior parietal lobule | R | 7 | 38 | −54 | 52 | 9.45 |
Precuneus | R | 7 | 8 | −72 | 48 | 3.05 |
Inferior occipital gyrus | L | 19 | −40 | −86 | −10 | 9.58 |
Cuneus | R | 17 | 20 | −98 | 8 | 12 |
Hippocampus | L | – | −22 | −28 | −6 | 4.19 |
R | – | 24 | −30 | −4 | 4.8 | |
Caudate Nucleus | R | – | 18 | 10 | 8 | 2.99 |
Implicit learners | ||||||
Middle frontal gyrus | L | 46 | −40 | 54 | 10 | 6.55 |
L | 10 | −42 | 48 | −14 | 5.02 | |
R | 9 | 44 | 34 | 26 | 6.93 | |
R | 6 | 38 | 10 | 54 | 6.16 | |
Inferior frontal gyrus | L | 44 | −44 | 2 | 30 | 6.82 |
Supplementary motor area | R | 6 | 2 | 20 | 50 | 9.7 |
Insula | L | – | −32 | 22 | −2 | 7.01 |
R | – | 32 | 24 | −2 | 7.37 | |
Cingulate gyrus | L | 32 | −14 | 20 | 18 | 3.25 |
Precuneus | L | 7 | −28 | −56 | 46 | 7.74 |
R | 7 | 28 | −28 | 44 | 7.69 | |
Inferior occipital gyrus | L | 19 | −40 | −84 | −10 | 8.7 |
Lingual gyrus | L | 18 | −16 | −92 | −4 | 9.38 |
R | 17 | 20 | −94 | 6 | 11.5 | |
Hippocampus | L | – | −26 | −26 | −6 | 4.54 |
R | – | 26 | −26 | −6 | 4 | |
Caudate Nucleus | L | – | −10 | −12 | 22 | 3.45 |
Explicit learners > Implicit learners | ||||||
Superior parietal lobule | L | 7 | −36 | −72 | 50 | 2.92 |
Precuneus(PCu)* | – | 7 | 0 | −54 | 48 | 3.89 |
R | 7 | 14 | −30 | 50 | 3.18 | |
Implicit learners > Explicit learners | ||||||
Inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)* | L | 44 | −36 | 8 | 22 | 2.94 |
Insula (INS)* | L | – | −30 | 2 | 22 | 3.39 |
Cingulate gyrus | L | 32 | −2 | 30 | 34 | 3.43 |
Caudate Nucleus(CN)* | L | – | −20 | 4 | 16 | 3.03 |
Notes: L, left hemisphere; R, right hemisphere. All activations reported were thresholded at cluster level p<0.05. * Averaged time course data from all the voxels within a sphere of 6 mm radius in each region of interests (PCu, INS, IFG, CN) were extracted for comparisons of BOLD signal changes with brain networks between the explicit and the implicit group.