Table 2. Areas of significant brain activations in the grammaticality judgment task.

Regions activated	L/R	BA	MNI Coordinates			T
			x	y	z	score
Explicit learners
Middle frontal gyrus	L	9	−52	30	32	5.43
	L	10	−38	58	14	5.18
	L	46	−28	52	0	3.99
	R	9	48	38	32	7.35
	R	10	28	54	−8	7.1
Precentral gyrus	L	6	−46	0	34	5.47
Supplementary motor area	R	6	4	22	48	7.94
Insula	L	–	−32	24	−4	5.48
Superior parietal lobule	L	7	−28	−72	50	9.3
Inferior parietal lobule	R	7	38	−54	52	9.45
Precuneus	R	7	8	−72	48	3.05
Inferior occipital gyrus	L	19	−40	−86	−10	9.58
Cuneus	R	17	20	−98	8	12
Hippocampus	L	–	−22	−28	−6	4.19
	R	–	24	−30	−4	4.8
Caudate Nucleus	R	–	18	10	8	2.99
Implicit learners
Middle frontal gyrus	L	46	−40	54	10	6.55
	L	10	−42	48	−14	5.02
	R	9	44	34	26	6.93
	R	6	38	10	54	6.16
Inferior frontal gyrus	L	44	−44	2	30	6.82
Supplementary motor area	R	6	2	20	50	9.7
Insula	L	–	−32	22	−2	7.01
	R	–	32	24	−2	7.37
Cingulate gyrus	L	32	−14	20	18	3.25
Precuneus	L	7	−28	−56	46	7.74
	R	7	28	−28	44	7.69
Inferior occipital gyrus	L	19	−40	−84	−10	8.7
Lingual gyrus	L	18	−16	−92	−4	9.38
	R	17	20	−94	6	11.5
Hippocampus	L	–	−26	−26	−6	4.54
	R	–	26	−26	−6	4
Caudate Nucleus	L	–	−10	−12	22	3.45
Explicit learners > Implicit learners
Superior parietal lobule	L	7	−36	−72	50	2.92
Precuneus(PCu)*	–	7	0	−54	48	3.89
	R	7	14	−30	50	3.18
Implicit learners > Explicit learners
Inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)*	L	44	−36	8	22	2.94
Insula (INS)*	L	–	−30	2	22	3.39
Cingulate gyrus	L	32	−2	30	34	3.43
Caudate Nucleus(CN)*	L	–	−20	4	16	3.03

Notes: L, left hemisphere; R, right hemisphere. All activations reported were thresholded at cluster level p<0.05. * Averaged time course data from all the voxels within a sphere of 6 mm radius in each region of interests (PCu, INS, IFG, CN) were extracted for comparisons of BOLD signal changes with brain networks between the explicit and the implicit group.