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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurol Clin. 2011 Nov;29(4):801–823. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2011.07.014

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

Generalized tonic-clonic seizure induced by bilateral frontotemporal electroconvulsive therapy. Ictal single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) image for a single generalized tonic-clonic seizure compared with interictal baseline (red = cerebral blood flow [CBF] increases; green = CBF decreases). (A) Lateral view. (B) Medial view. Changes in the consciousness system include CBF increases in lateral frontotemporal cortex, lateral parietal and medial parietal cortex. CBF increases were also present in the thalamus (best seen in cross sections, not shown), as well as in the cerebellum. CBF decreases were present in the medial frontal and cingulate cortex, as well as in lateral cortical regions. SPM extent threshold k = 125 voxels; height threshold: P = .01. (Modified from Blumenfeld H, McNally KA, Ostroff RB, et al. Targeted prefrontal cortical activation with bifrontal ECT. Psychiatry Res 2003;123:165–70; with permission.)