Table 1.

Cytokines involved in Diabetic Kidney Inflammation.

Cytokine	Role in Diabetic Kidney Inflammation
ICAM-1	Adhesion molecule facilitating leukocyte-endothelial adhesion and infiltration into diabetic kidneys
VCAM-1	Adhesion molecule facilitating leukocyte-endothelial adhesion and infiltration into diabetic kidneys
MCP-1	Chemoattractant which promotes macrophage recruitment into diabetic kidneys
TNF-α	Promotes production of reactive oxygen species, induces cell injury, and increases endothelial permeability
IL-1	Stimulates expression of cell adhesion molecules and profibrotic growth factors and increases endothelial permeability
IL-6	Promotes mesangial proliferation, glomerular hypertrophy, fibronectin production and increases endothelial permeability
IL-18	Increases production of other cytokines (ICAM-1, IL-1, TNF-α) and induces apoptosis of endothelial cells
Adiponectin	Reduces oxidative stress, production of TNF-α, and leukocyte-endothelial adhesion
Leptin	Induces oxidative stress, inflammation, hypertrophy, and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and impairs endothelial function
Resistin	Promotes expression of MCP-1, VCAM-1, endothelin-1, and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells