Table 2.
Viruses | Sample(s) and specimen(s) | Reference number | Cytokines, mediators, and substances |
---|---|---|---|
RV | Corticosteroids | ||
Fluticasone | [33] | CCL5 (RANTES), CXCL8 (IL-8), CXCL10 (IP-10) | |
[34] | IL-6 | ||
Budesonide | [35] | CCL5 (RANTES), CXCL8 (IL-8), CXCL10 (IP-10), IL-6, FGF, VEGF | |
Dexamethasone | [36] | IL-1, IL-6, L-8, TNF-α, ICAM-1 | |
β 2 agonists | |||
Salmeterol | [33] | CCL5 (RANTES), CXCL10 (IP-10) | |
Formoterol | [35] | CXCL8 (IL-8), FGF | |
Procaterol | [39] | IL-1, IL-6, L-8, ICAM-1 | |
Anticholinergics | |||
Tiotropium | [40] | IL-1, IL-6, L-8, ICAM-1 | |
Other drugs or agents | |||
Erythromycin, carbocisteine, lansoprazole, or hochu-ekki-to |
[37, 38] [45, 46] |
IL-1, IL-6, L-8, TNF-α, ICAM-1 | |
Nitric oxide | [47] | CXCL10 (IP-10) | |
IFN-β | [48] | IL-6, CCL5 (RANTES), CXCL10 (IP-10) | |
| |||
Flu | Clarithromycin or carbocisteine | [55, 56] | IL-1, IL-6, L-8 |
| |||
RSV | Clarithromycin or carbocisteine | [61, 77] | IL-1, IL-6, L-8 |
RV: rhinovirus; Flu: influenza virus; RSV: respiratory syncytial virus; IL: interleukin.
Other nonstandard abbreviations are described in the text.